Meteorology Concepts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the process called by which water vapor in the air is changed directly to solid without becoming liquid?

  • Deposition
  • Condensation
  • Sublimation (correct)
  • Evaporation

Which factor is primarily responsible for adiabatic cooling, which leads to condensation?

  • Stagnation of airflow
  • Increase in atmospheric pressure
  • Expansion of an air mass (correct)
  • Decrease in temperature

What are condensation or sublimation nuclei typically composed of?

  • Particulate matter (correct)
  • Liquid droplets
  • Water vapor particles
  • Homogeneous gases

What are the usual forms of precipitation that fall back to the earth’s surface?

<p>Rain, snowfall, hail, frost, dew (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes upward motion of air masses, leading to storm or precipitation events?

<p>Adiabatic cooling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options does NOT describe a cause of condensation or sublimation?

<p>Temperature increase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial process in the formation of precipitation?

<p>Condensation of water vapor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is a common nucleating agent for condensation in the atmosphere?

<p>Ocean salt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that leads to the formation of fog at night?

<p>Cooling of the bottom air (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be present in the atmosphere for precipitation to occur?

<p>Moisture and condensation nuclei (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines 'heavy rain' in terms of intensity?

<blockquote> <p>7.5 mm/hr (A)</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes how cloud droplets combine to form larger drops?

<p>Collision-coalescence process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of precipitation occurs when rain or drizzle meets cold ground at 0 degC?

<p>Glaze (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following descriptions pertains to sleet?

<p>Frozen raindrops of transparent grains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes convective precipitation?

<p>Differential heating of air masses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes graupel?

<p>Fragile snow pellets that disintegrate easily (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method involves calculating the average of rainfall by treating it as the arithmetic mean of station values?

<p>Arithmetic Mean Method (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method assigns weightage to rainfall recorded at each station based on proximity to the station?

<p>Thiessen Polygon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Isohyetal Method, how is the average value of rainfall over an inter-isohyet area determined?

<p>By calculating the area of two adjacent isohyets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential to test data consistency when analyzing rainfall records?

<p>Double-mass curve analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When organizing rainfall data from various stations, what geographic coordinates are typically recorded?

<p>Northings and Eastings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is orographic precipitation primarily influenced by?

<p>Topography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of cyclonic precipitation?

<p>Convergence of air flow due to low pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much of the total rainfall in the Philippines is attributed to cyclonic precipitation?

<p>80% or more (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which city receives the least amount of average annual rainfall in the Philippines?

<p>General Santos City (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for setting up a rain gauge?

<p>The gauge should be on a slope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rain gauge uses buckets to measure precipitation?

<p>Tipping-Bucket Gauge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum allowable distance an object should be from a rain gauge?

<p>30 meters or twice the height of obstruction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to instruments like pluviometer and hyetometer?

<p>Measurement devices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a weighing-bucket type rain gauge?

<p>To plot accumulated rainfall against elapsed time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which recording type is identified as a float-type gauge?

<p>Natural-Siphon Type (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal rain gauge station density for flat regions in tropical zones?

<p>1 station for 600 to 900 sq.km (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In mountainous regions, how many stations are considered acceptable per 100 sq.km?

<p>1 station for 25 to 1000 sq.km (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of rain gauge stations should be self-recording to measure rainfall intensity according to WMO recommendations?

<p>10% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the optimal number of rain gauge stations (N) determined in relation to the existing stations (m)?

<p>N is computed using the coefficient of variation (Cv) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of gauge uses microwave energy to measure rainfall?

<p>Radar Measurement of Rainfall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common percentage of error typically taken when calculating the number of rain gauges needed?

<p>10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What procedure should be applied if the normal annual precipitations at various stations differ by more than 10% from station X?

<p>Normal Ratio Method (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of inconsistency in rainfall records?

<p>Change in local government policies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of testing consistency, what does a Double-Mass Curve aim to establish?

<p>Consistency of recorded data from the same parent population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What graphical representation of rainfall data is derived from the mass curve and shows intensity versus time?

<p>Hyetograph (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves selecting 5 to 10 base stations to test the consistency of a problem station's data?

<p>Double-Mass Curve Method (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a moving average in analyzing rainfall data?

<p>To smooth out high frequency fluctuations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does point rainfall refer to in the presentation of rainfall data?

<p>Data representing rainfall from a single station (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus when estimating missing data from a rain station?

<p>Performance of neighboring stations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Condensation

The process of water vapor changing into liquid water.

Sublimation

The process of water vapor changing directly into ice without becoming liquid.

Precipitation

Water that falls from the atmosphere to Earth's surface (rain, snow, hail, etc).

Adiabatic cooling

Cooling of air due to expansion without heat loss to surroundings.

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Condensation nuclei

Particles in the atmosphere that water vapor condenses or ice forms on, triggering precipitation.

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Precipitation formation

The process of precipitation starting with condensation or sublimation in the atmosphere then falling to earth.

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Causes of Precipitation

Factors causing upward air motion, leading to cooling and condensation, including adiabatic cooling, mixing, radiation, and contact cooling.

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Deposition

The process by which water vapor changes directly into a solid, such as ice.

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Orographic Precipitation

Precipitation caused by air rising over a mountain range, cooling, and condensing.

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Cyclonic Precipitation

Precipitation associated with low-pressure systems and converging air masses.

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Annual Rainfall (Philippines)

Average rainfall in the Philippines, ranging from 965 to 4064 millimeters per year.

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Fog Formation

Fog forms when the Earth's surface cools the air below its saturation point, causing water vapor to condense.

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Rain Gauge

Instrument used to measure precipitation depth.

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Precipitation

Water falling from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface.

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Collision-Coalescence

Cloud droplets colliding and sticking together to form larger drops.

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Rain Gauge Setup

Rain gauge placement must be level, low to reduce wind, and within an open area to avoid obstacles.

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Non-Recording Gauges

Rain gauges that simply collect precipitation without recording amounts.

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Rain intensity

Measured by the amount of rain in millimeters per hour (mm/hr)

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Recording Gauges

Rain gauges that measure and automatically record precipitation amounts.

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Convective precipitation

Precipitation caused by unequal heating from the ground, creating air rising upwards and cooling and condensing into rain clouds..

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Tipping-Bucket Gauge

Records precipitation by measuring the tipping of small buckets as a set amount of rain fills each.

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Precipitation requirements

Moisture, condensation nuclei, and favorable weather conditions for water vapor to condense and fall.

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Snow

Precipitation that falls in the form of ice crystals, which combine to form snowflakes.

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Drizzle

A fine sprinkle of numerous water droplets smaller than 0.5 mm in size.

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Weighing-Bucket Rain Gauge

Measures rainfall by collecting water in a bucket placed on a scale, recording the weight over time, creating a plot of accumulated rainfall against time.

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Natural-Siphon Rain Gauge

Records rainfall by measuring the rising level of a float in a chamber, recording the elevation on a rotating drum linked to the float's movement.

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Telemetering Rain Gauge

A recording rain gauge with electronic components to transmit rainfall data to a central station, regularly or on request.

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Radar Rainfall Measurement

Measures rainfall using ground-based radar that sends out microwave pulses to detect precipitation particles and measure accumulated rainfall.

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Ideal Rain Gauge Density (Flat)

In temperate, Mediterranean, and tropical flat regions, the ideal rain gauge density is one station for every 600-900 sq km.

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Optimal Number of Rain Gauge Stations (N)

The optimal number of rain gauge stations (N) needed to achieve a desired error percentage (ε) is calculated considering existing stations (m), and coefficient of variation (Cv).

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Coefficient of Variation (Cv)

A statistical measure of the variability in precipitation data from existing rain gauge stations (m).

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Acceptable Rain Gauge Density (Mountainous)

In temperate, Mediterranean, and tropical mountainous regions, an acceptable rain gauge density is one station for every 25-1000 sq km.

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Arithmetic Mean Method

Calculates average rainfall by averaging the measured rainfall from multiple stations in an area.

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Thiessen Polygon

A method for determining weighted average precipitation, giving more weight to rainfall data from stations closer to an area.

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Isohyetal Method

A method that uses lines of equal rainfall (isohyets) to estimate average rainfall over a region.

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10-year rainfall data (USeP PAGASA)

Rainfall measurements collected over a decade from USeP PAGASA stations.

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Rain gauge station list (Philippines)

A list of locations in the Philippines where rainfall is measured using rain gauges, including specific coordinates.

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Rain Gauge Stations

Number of rain gauges needed depends on the area's size and expected rainfall.

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Missing Rainfall Data

Estimating missing rainfall data by considering neighbouring stations.

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Normal Rainfall

Average rainfall at a location over a 30-year period.

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Consistency of Rainfall Records

Checking for accuracy of rainfall data, identifying any errors or changes in collection methods.

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Double-Mass Curve

A graph used to check consistency in rainfall data; comparing accumulated precipitation for a station against others.

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Mass Curve of Rainfall

Plot of accumulated precipitation vs time, showing rainfall patterns over a period in chronological order.

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Hyetograph

Graphical representation of rainfall intensity vs time.

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Mean Precipitation Over an Area

Calculating average rainfall across a region.

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