Podcast
Questions and Answers
What accompanies every physical process of weather?
What accompanies every physical process of weather?
Heat exchange
What causes variations in altimeter settings between weather reporting points?
What causes variations in altimeter settings between weather reporting points?
Unequal heating of the Earth's surface
The difference in wind direction at different altitudes is primarily due to what?
The difference in wind direction at different altitudes is primarily due to what?
Friction between the wind and the surface
What causes convective circulation patterns associated with sea breezes?
What causes convective circulation patterns associated with sea breezes?
One in-flight condition necessary for structural icing to form is?
One in-flight condition necessary for structural icing to form is?
In which environment is aircraft structural ice most likely to have the highest accumulation rate?
In which environment is aircraft structural ice most likely to have the highest accumulation rate?
The presence of ice pellets at the surface indicates what?
The presence of ice pellets at the surface indicates what?
How does frost on the wings of an airplane affect takeoff performance?
How does frost on the wings of an airplane affect takeoff performance?
Why is frost considered hazardous to flight?
Why is frost considered hazardous to flight?
How does frost affect the lifting surfaces of an airplane during takeoff?
How does frost affect the lifting surfaces of an airplane during takeoff?
What conditions result in the formation of frost?
What conditions result in the formation of frost?
An almond or lens-shaped cloud which appears stationary is referred to as?
An almond or lens-shaped cloud which appears stationary is referred to as?
What are crests of standing mountain waves marked by?
What are crests of standing mountain waves marked by?
When could possible mountain wave turbulence be expected?
When could possible mountain wave turbulence be expected?
Where does wind shear occur?
Where does wind shear occur?
What wind speed at 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the surface could indicate a wind-shear zone in a temperature inversion?
What wind speed at 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the surface could indicate a wind-shear zone in a temperature inversion?
When may hazardous wind shear be expected?
When may hazardous wind shear be expected?
What type of weather is most likely to develop if the temperature/dewpoint spread is small and decreasing, with a temperature of 62°F?
What type of weather is most likely to develop if the temperature/dewpoint spread is small and decreasing, with a temperature of 62°F?
What does the term 'dewpoint' refer to?
What does the term 'dewpoint' refer to?
The amount of water vapor which air can hold depends on what?
The amount of water vapor which air can hold depends on what?
What processes add moisture to unsaturated air?
What processes add moisture to unsaturated air?
What conditions cause clouds, fog, or dew to form?
What conditions cause clouds, fog, or dew to form?
Low-level turbulence and icing can become hazardous in which type of fog?
Low-level turbulence and icing can become hazardous in which type of fog?
In which situation is advection fog most likely to form?
In which situation is advection fog most likely to form?
What situation is most conducive to the formation of radiation fog?
What situation is most conducive to the formation of radiation fog?
What types of fog depend upon wind in order to exist?
What types of fog depend upon wind in order to exist?
Clouds are divided into four families according to what?
Clouds are divided into four families according to what?
What does the suffix 'nimbus' used in naming clouds mean?
What does the suffix 'nimbus' used in naming clouds mean?
What conditions are necessary for the formation of cumulonimbus clouds?
What conditions are necessary for the formation of cumulonimbus clouds?
Which clouds have the greatest turbulence?
Which clouds have the greatest turbulence?
What cloud types indicate convective turbulence?
What cloud types indicate convective turbulence?
At approximately what altitude AGL can a pilot expect the base of cumuliform clouds if the surface air temperature is 82°F and the dewpoint is 38°F?
At approximately what altitude AGL can a pilot expect the base of cumuliform clouds if the surface air temperature is 82°F and the dewpoint is 38°F?
What is the approximate base of the cumulus clouds at 1,000 feet MSL if the surface air temperature is 70°F and the dewpoint is 48°F?
What is the approximate base of the cumulus clouds at 1,000 feet MSL if the surface air temperature is 70°F and the dewpoint is 48°F?
Cumulus clouds often indicate what?
Cumulus clouds often indicate what?
What is a characteristic of stable air?
What is a characteristic of stable air?
When warm, moist, stable air flows upslope, what does it produce?
When warm, moist, stable air flows upslope, what does it produce?
If an unstable air mass is forced upward, what type of clouds can be expected?
If an unstable air mass is forced upward, what type of clouds can be expected?
What are characteristics of unstable air?
What are characteristics of unstable air?
What characteristic is most likely associated with a stable air mass?
What characteristic is most likely associated with a stable air mass?
Steady precipitation preceding a front indicates what?
Steady precipitation preceding a front indicates what?
What are characteristics of a moist, unstable air mass?
What are characteristics of a moist, unstable air mass?
What measurement can determine the stability of the atmosphere?
What measurement can determine the stability of the atmosphere?
What would decrease the stability of an air mass?
What would decrease the stability of an air mass?
What are characteristics of an unstable atmosphere?
What are characteristics of an unstable atmosphere?
Clouds with extensive vertical development over mountainous terrain are a sign of?
Clouds with extensive vertical development over mountainous terrain are a sign of?
The stability of an air mass can usually be determined by what?
The stability of an air mass can usually be determined by what?
What feature is associated with a temperature inversion?
What feature is associated with a temperature inversion?
The most frequent type of ground or surface-based temperature inversion is produced by?
The most frequent type of ground or surface-based temperature inversion is produced by?
When there is a temperature inversion, what would you expect to experience?
When there is a temperature inversion, what would you expect to experience?
What weather conditions should be expected beneath a low-level temperature inversion layer when the relative humidity is high?
What weather conditions should be expected beneath a low-level temperature inversion layer when the relative humidity is high?
An increase in temperature with an altitude increase indicates what?
An increase in temperature with an altitude increase indicates what?
Temperature and radiation variations over land with a clear sky lead to?
Temperature and radiation variations over land with a clear sky lead to?
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Study Notes
Weather Concepts
- Physical weather processes involve heat exchange.
- Variations in altimeter settings are caused by unequal heating of the Earth's surface, resulting in differing air pressure.
Wind Dynamics
- Winds at 5,000 feet AGL can differ from surface winds due to friction with the surface.
- At higher altitudes, winds are influenced by the Coriolis force, which deflects winds to the right in the Northern Hemisphere.
- Surface winds are generally slower and thus less affected by Coriolis forces.
Icing and Frost
- Structural icing in-flight requires the presence of visible moisture.
- Highest ice accumulation occurs in freezing rain conditions.
- Ice pellets indicate a temperature inversion with freezing rain at higher altitudes.
- Frost disrupts airflow over wings, reducing lift and may prevent takeoff at normal speeds.
Cloud Types and Formation
- Lenticular clouds are almond-shaped and can indicate strong winds aloft.
- Standing lenticular clouds form at crests of mountain waves.
- Mountain wave turbulence is likely with winds exceeding 40 knots crossing a ridge in stable air.
Wind Shear
- Wind shear can occur at all altitudes and in all directions.
- Wind shear zones are common in low-level temperature inversions and frontal zones.
Fog and Humidity
- Small and decreasing temperature/dewpoint spreads at 62°F indicate a higher chance of fog or low clouds.
- Dewpoint refers to the temperature needed for air saturation.
- Water vapor capacity is determined by air temperature.
- Processes adding moisture to unsaturated air include evaporation and sublimation.
Types of Fog
- Steam fog forms hazardous conditions, particularly with low-level turbulence.
- Advection fog forms when a warm air mass moves inland from the coast in winter.
- Radiation fog develops in calm, clear conditions over low areas at night.
Cumulus Clouds
- Clouds are categorized by height and include stratus and cumulonimbus types, which are linked to stability and turbulence.
- Cumulonimbus clouds indicate significant turbulence and convective activity.
- Stable air is typically associated with stratiform clouds and poor surface visibility.
Atmospheric Stability
- Atmospheric stability can be assessed by analyzing the actual lapse rate, which reflects temperature changes with altitude.
- Warming from below decreases stability, while moist air combined with instability is indicated by showery precipitation.
- Ground-based temperature inversions occur due to terrestrial radiation, generally on clear nights.
Weather Indicators
- Smooth air and poor visibility may be expected under low-level temperature inversions with high humidity.
- Increasing temperatures with altitude signal the presence of an inversion layer, influencing weather conditions significantly.
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