30 Questions
What is the primary objective of collecting data from various meteorological stations?
To provide accurate and timely forecasts
What is the recommended maximum distance between principal surface synoptic stations?
150 kilometers
How many synoptic stations were operational in the Philippines as of 2016?
59
What is the primary consideration when selecting a site for a synoptic station?
Correct exposure of outdoor meteorological instruments
What is the purpose of making data available to other Members in agreed code forms?
To promote international cooperation
What type of satellite is used for observing weather patterns?
Geostationary
What is included in Surface Synoptic Observations?
Present Weather, Past Weather, and other elements as determined by Regional Association resolution
What is the recommended approach when evaluating elements that are relatively unchanging?
Evaluate elements in the order of outdoor to indoor observations
What is the primary consideration when evaluating elements that are changing rapidly?
Evaluate the element that has the greatest rate of change last
What is included in the outdoor observations?
Sky, cloud amounts, types, species, heights of base, direction of movement, and special supplementary features
What is the unit of measurement for amount of precipitation?
Millimeters
What is evaluated indoors when the instrumental equipment is working?
Wind Speed and Direction
What should the Observer consider last when observing outdoors at night?
Visibility
How often do Synoptic-Airport Stations record and report weather observation data during daytime?
Every hour
What is the purpose of a SYNOP (Surface Synoptic Station)?
To make weather forecasts and warnings
When is the visual acuity of the eye maximum after coming out of a lighted room?
5 minutes
How often do Climatological and Rain stations record observations?
At 8:00 AM and 5:00 PM only
What type of stations record weather observations every 8:00 AM and 2:00 PM?
Agrometeorological stations
Which type of station is specifically designed to provide information on wind strength and direction to ship masters and fishermen?
Visual Storm Signal Station
Which type of station is equipped with an evaporation pan?
Evaporation Station
What is the primary purpose of a HYDRO station?
To observe meteorological and hydrological elements
What is the purpose of a WEMEX station?
To conduct research on drought and climate change
Which type of station is specifically designed to monitor sea level and wave heights during tropical cyclones?
Storm Surge Monitoring Station
Which type of station is located at airports and provides weather data and advice for aviation activities?
Airport Synoptic Station
What is the duration of wind averaging for aeronautical purposes at airport stations?
2 minutes
How is the wind speed measured at an airport?
By averaging the indicated speed in the speed indicator of the wind dial
What is the primary objective of measuring precipitation?
To obtain a sample that is truly representative of the fall over the area
What is the unit of measurement of precipitation?
Millimeter
How is the vertical depth of water expressed in precipitation measurement?
To the nearest tenth of a millimeter
What is the main consideration when selecting a site for a raingauge?
To be sheltered from the wind
Study Notes
Types of Meteorological Stations
- Airport stations provide weather data, information, and advice for aviation activities.
- Visual Storm Signal (VSS) stations inform ship masters, fishermen, and mariners about wind strength and direction.
- Hydrometeorological (HYDRO) stations observe meteorological and hydrological elements.
- Evaporation (EVAP) stations monitor evaporation on a routine basis.
- Weather Modification Experiment (WEMEX) stations are temporary and established for research purposes.
- Storm Surge Monitoring (SSMS) stations record sea level and wave heights, especially during tropical cyclones.
Surface Synoptic Observations
- Present weather, past weather, and other elements are observed.
- Elements include wind speed and direction, cloud amount and type, visibility, temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure.
- There is no fixed order for evaluating elements, but those with the greatest rate of change should be evaluated last.
Classification of Stations
- Synoptic-Airport stations record and report weather data every hour during the day and every three hours at night.
- Purely synoptic stations record and report weather data every three or six hours.
- Climatological and Rain stations record observations at 8:00 AM and 5:00 PM only.
- Agrometeorological stations record weather observations every 8:00 AM and 2:00 PM.
Precipitation Measurement
- Precipitation is measured in terms of vertical depths of water accumulated within a specified time on a horizontal surface.
- The main objective is to obtain a representative sample of the fall over the area.
- There are three types of instruments for measuring precipitation: non-recording raingauge, recording raingauge, and rain-intensity gauge.
Exposure of Rain Measuring Instruments
- The site of the raingauge should be sheltered from the wind to minimize its effects.
Unit of Measurement
- The millimeter (mm) is the unit of measurement of precipitation.
PAGASA Stations
- As of 2016, there were 59 Synoptic Stations, 13 Radar Stations, 8 Upper-Air Stations, 23 Agrometeorology Stations, 18 Airport Stations, 4 Hydro (FFWC) Rain Stations, and 78 Automatic Weather Stations in the Philippines.
Test your knowledge of the complex process of weather forecasting, including the various data sources and principles involved, such as numerical weather prediction models. This quiz covers the different types of stations and systems used to collect meteorological data, including surface stations, weather radars, and satellites.
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