Chapter 6 Section 3
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Questions and Answers

What process occurs when rocks are altered by high temperature and pressure without melting?

  • Erosion
  • Sedimentation
  • Metamorphism (correct)
  • Weathering

Which of the following statements best describes metamorphic rocks?

  • They are formed through the melting of existing rocks.
  • They can change in chemical composition and structure due to heat and pressure. (correct)
  • They only contain minerals that are formed at surface temperatures.
  • They form only from pre-existing igneous rocks.

What are the primary sources of high temperatures that cause metamorphism?

  • Earth’s heat from deep burial and nearby igneous intrusions (correct)
  • Volcanic eruptions
  • Ocean currents
  • Surface weathering

Which scenario would most likely result in the formation of metamorphic rocks?

<p>Rocks being deeply buried and compressed during mountain building. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies a cause of metamorphism?

<p>Baking by molten magma or pressure from overlying rocks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes nonfoliated metamorphic rocks?

<p>They are composed mainly of blocky crystal shapes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which grade of metamorphism is likely to occur at the highest temperature?

<p>High grade (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor influencing the grade of metamorphism?

<p>Temperature and pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from the metamorphism of shale?

<p>Formation of slate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of metamorphism occurs when high temperature and pressure affect large regions of Earth's crust?

<p>Regional metamorphism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of metamorphic rock listed in order of increasing grade?

<p>Marble (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the development of foliation in metamorphic rocks depend on?

<p>Increasing grain size and pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of contact metamorphism?

<p>Initiated by the intrusion of molten material (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metamorphic rock allows for easy cleavage due to oriented clay minerals?

<p>Slate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which rock type forms from prograde metamorphism following the sequence slate to gneiss?

<p>Schist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metamorphic rock is described as strongly banded with dark bands of micas and light bands of feldspars?

<p>Gneiss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is critical for the classification of grades of metamorphism?

<p>Combination of temperature and pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral can form as a high-pressure polymorph of quartz during a meteorite impact?

<p>Coesite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does regional metamorphism commonly produce in terms of geological features?

<p>Folding and deforming of rock layers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which environment is contact metamorphism likely to occur?

<p>At igneous intrusions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process through which metamorphic minerals change during metamorphism?

<p>Solid state alterations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is typically produced as a result of meteorite impacts?

<p>Regolith (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is typical of foliated metamorphic rocks?

<p>Layers and bands of minerals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the change of existing crystal size and shape in metamorphic rocks?

<p>Recrystallization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does foliation develop in metamorphic rocks?

<p>When pressure is applied from opposite directions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the recombination process in metamorphic rocks?

<p>Rearrangement of pre-existing minerals' elements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does uniform stress differ from directed stress in metamorphic processes?

<p>Uniform stress is equal in all directions while directed stress is not (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains how metamorphic rocks can change under fluid presence?

<p>They can gain or lose ions to form new minerals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral transformation occurs when shale metamorphoses into schist?

<p>Recrystallization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs when hot water reacts with rock to alter its composition?

<p>Hydrothermal metamorphism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product of metamorphic processes?

<p>Quartzite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mineral resources are primarily produced from hydrothermal solutions?

<p>Metallic minerals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the formation of metamorphic rocks?

<p>Changes in temperature and pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the economic significance of metamorphic rocks?

<p>They provide valuable metallic and nonmetallic resources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which rock type is formed from cemented or precipitated sediments?

<p>Sedimentary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is commonly associated with metamorphic processes and is known for its use in fireproof materials?

<p>Asbestos (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding igneous and metamorphic rocks?

<p>Igneous rocks form from solidification of molten rock while metamorphic rocks form from temperature and pressure changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Metamorphism

Changes in a rock's chemical composition, texture, and structure due to heat and pressure without melting.

Metamorphic rock

A rock formed when existing rock is changed by heat and pressure without melting.

Heat source for metamorphism

Earth's internal heat (deep burial, igneous intrusions).

Pressure source for metamorphism

Deep burial or compression during mountain building.

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Rock alterations by metamorphism

Change in chemical composition, texture and structure of a rock, making the rocks altered beyond their original recognition.

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Foliation

The development of layers or bands in metamorphic rocks due to pressure. It is caused by the alignment of minerals under pressure.

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Nonfoliated metamorphic rock

Metamorphic rock without layers or bands due to the formation of minerals with blocky shapes.

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Grain size in nonfoliated rocks

The size of mineral crystals in nonfoliated rocks is not a factor in determining its grade of metamorphism.

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How does grain size change in foliated rocks?

As metamorphic rocks transform, their grain size increases, reflecting changes in composition and the development of foliation.

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Metamorphic grade

The intensity of metamorphism, influenced by factors such as temperature and pressure, resulting in different minerals and textures.

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Low, intermediate, and high metamorphic grades

These grades represent increasing intensity of metamorphism marked by unique sets of minerals and textures.

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Prograde metamorphism

A series of changes during metamorphism, starting with low-grade and progressing to high-grade, marked by a specific sequence of minerals.

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Slate

A low-grade metamorphic rock formed from shale with fine-grained, oriented clay minerals that give it a distinct cleavage.

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What are the two types of stress that cause metamorphism?

The two types of stress that cause metamorphism are compressive stress, which squeezes rocks, and shearing stress, which causes rocks to slide past each other.

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What does 'directed stress' mean in metamorphic rocks?

Directed stress in metamorphic rocks refers to pressure applied in a specific direction, typically from tectonic forces.

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What happens to minerals during metamorphism?

During metamorphism, minerals in a rock undergo solid-state alterations, meaning they transform into new minerals stable under the new temperature and pressure conditions.

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What is recrystallization in metamorphic rocks?

Recrystallization is a metamorphic process where existing crystals change size and shape, forming layers or interlocking crystals.

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Explain recombination in metamorphic rocks.

Recombination involves elements from existing minerals combining to form new, stable minerals during metamorphism.

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What causes foliation in metamorphic rocks?

Foliation, the layering in metamorphic rocks, is caused by the pressure applied during metamorphism from opposite directions.

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How is foliation oriented relative to pressure?

Foliation in metamorphic rocks develops perpendicular to the direction of applied pressure.

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What are some examples of metamorphic rocks?

Examples of metamorphic rocks include:

  • Gneiss: Formed from granite
  • Schist: Formed from shale
  • Quartzite: Formed from sandstone
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Regional Metamorphism

A type of metamorphism where large areas of Earth's crust are affected by high temperature and pressure, resulting in changes like mineral shifts, rock type alterations, folding, and deformation of rock layers.

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Contact Metamorphism

Metamorphism that happens when molten material from an igneous intrusion touches solid rock, creating localized changes due to high temperatures and moderate to low pressure.

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What are the mineral assemblages like in contact metamorphism?

Contact metamorphism creates mineral assemblages characteristic of high temperatures and moderate-to-low pressure.

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What is coesite?

Coesite is a high-pressure polymorph of quartz that can form during meteorite impacts.

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Impact Melt

The molten rock produced when a meteorite collides with a planet or moon.

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What is regolith?

Regolith is a layer of broken rock and dust that covers the surface of the moon.

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What is a breccia?

A rock composed of broken rock fragments cemented together.

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Hydrothermal Metamorphism

When very hot water alters a rock's composition due to chemical reactions, this process is called hydrothermal metamorphism.

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Metallic Mineral Deposits

Many metallic mineral deposits are formed by the precipitation of metals from hydrothermal solutions.

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Nonmetallic Mineral Resources

Metamorphic processes create many important nonmetallic resources, including talc, asbestos, and graphite.

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Gneissose Banding

Gneissose banding is a distinct layering or banding pattern observed in metamorphic rocks, often formed during regional metamorphism.

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Rock Cycle

The rock cycle describes the continuous transformation of rocks through different types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

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Igneous Rock Formation

Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and crystallizes.

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Sedimentary Rock Formation

Sedimentary rocks are formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments.

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Study Notes

Metamorphism

  • Metamorphic rocks are altered or changed rocks, beyond recognition, due to changes in chemical composition, texture, and structure.
  • Metamorphism occurs when rocks are baked by heat from molten magma, squeezed by tectonic plates, or by pressure from overlying rock layers.

Types of Metamorphism

  • Regional metamorphism: Occurs when high temperatures and pressures affect large areas of Earth's crust, resulting in changes in minerals and rock types, along with folding and deformation.
  • Contact metamorphism: Occurs when molten material (like magma) contacts solid rock, resulting in changes in mineral assemblages due to high temperatures and moderate-to-low pressures.
  • Meteorite impact: sudden and intense deformation, producing features like craters and fragmented rocks.
  • Hydrothermal metamorphism: Occurs when very hot water interacts with rock, changing its chemical and mineral composition. This often occurs near igneous intrusions and active volcanoes.

Recognizing Metamorphic Rocks

  • High temperatures and pressures can change the texture, mineral composition, or chemical composition of a rock without melting it.
  • Metamorphic rocks can be foliated (layered) or nonfoliated (non-layered).
  • Folliated rocks often have visible bands or layers of minerals due to pressure.
  • Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks have mineral crystals that are evenly distributed rather than layered.

Metamorphic Minerals

  • During metamorphism, minerals in a rock undergo solid-state changes, forming different stable minerals according to the new temperature and pressure conditions.
  • These new minerals that are stable under altered conditions are called metamorphic minerals.

Metamorphic Textures

  • Foliated textures are characterized by bands and layers of minerals due to pressure.
  • Non-foliated textures have equal distributions of minerals with blocky crystal shapes.

Grades of Metamorphism

  • Different combinations of temperature and pressure result in varying grades of metamorphism (low, intermediate, and high).
  • Each grade is associated with different suites of minerals and textures.

Economic Importance of Metamorphic Rocks

  • Many economically important resources are produced by metamorphic processes.
  • Metallic mineral resources are occasionally discovered in solid-state deposits.
  • Many metallic deposits are precipitated from hydrothermal solutions.
  • Nonmetallic resources such as talc, asbestos, and graphite are produced by metamorphism.

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Chapter 6 Section 1 PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating world of metamorphism, where rocks undergo profound changes through heat and pressure. This quiz covers various types of metamorphism such as regional, contact, and hydrothermal metamorphism, highlighting their unique processes and effects on mineral composition. Test your knowledge on how these forces shape Earth's crust.

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