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Questions and Answers
What is the original rock from which metamorphic rocks are formed called?
What is the original rock from which metamorphic rocks are formed called?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of foliation in metamorphic rocks?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of foliation in metamorphic rocks?
What type of metamorphic rocks are mainly composed of equidimensional crystals?
What type of metamorphic rocks are mainly composed of equidimensional crystals?
Which metamorphic rock is formed from limestone?
Which metamorphic rock is formed from limestone?
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What effect does prolonged exposure to heat and pressure have on rocks?
What effect does prolonged exposure to heat and pressure have on rocks?
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Which of the following rocks is not classified as granoblastic?
Which of the following rocks is not classified as granoblastic?
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What type of metamorphism results in the absence of foliation?
What type of metamorphism results in the absence of foliation?
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What is slaty cleavage in metamorphic rocks primarily characterized by?
What is slaty cleavage in metamorphic rocks primarily characterized by?
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What is the primary characteristic of foliated rocks?
What is the primary characteristic of foliated rocks?
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Which of the following best describes how foliation in rocks is achieved?
Which of the following best describes how foliation in rocks is achieved?
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What does 'metamorphic grade' refer to?
What does 'metamorphic grade' refer to?
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What contributes to the instability of structures on affected land after an earthquake?
What contributes to the instability of structures on affected land after an earthquake?
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What is the primary cause of tsunamis?
What is the primary cause of tsunamis?
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Which mineral is commonly found as a porphyroblast in metamorphic rocks?
Which mineral is commonly found as a porphyroblast in metamorphic rocks?
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Why do tsunamis pose a significant risk near coastlines?
Why do tsunamis pose a significant risk near coastlines?
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What characterizes the banding observed in certain foliated rocks?
What characterizes the banding observed in certain foliated rocks?
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Which type of rock typically forms at higher temperatures and pressures?
Which type of rock typically forms at higher temperatures and pressures?
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What often precipitates uncontrollable fires after an earthquake?
What often precipitates uncontrollable fires after an earthquake?
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Which earthquake event caused more damage through fires than the quake itself?
Which earthquake event caused more damage through fires than the quake itself?
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Which feature is NOT commonly associated with foliated rocks?
Which feature is NOT commonly associated with foliated rocks?
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What happens to porphyroblasts as metamorphic conditions change?
What happens to porphyroblasts as metamorphic conditions change?
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What is the main purpose of building codes?
What is the main purpose of building codes?
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What happens to building codes when they are established within a jurisdiction?
What happens to building codes when they are established within a jurisdiction?
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What psychological effects can survivors of earthquakes experience?
What psychological effects can survivors of earthquakes experience?
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What processes move water between different reservoirs?
What processes move water between different reservoirs?
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Which study area can the water-budget equation be applied to?
Which study area can the water-budget equation be applied to?
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What does the water-budget equation represent?
What does the water-budget equation represent?
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Through which process does water return to the atmosphere from plants?
Through which process does water return to the atmosphere from plants?
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Which factor is NOT altered by human activities in the water cycle?
Which factor is NOT altered by human activities in the water cycle?
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What is the largest reservoir of water on Earth?
What is the largest reservoir of water on Earth?
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Which of the following human activities has a significant impact on the natural water cycle?
Which of the following human activities has a significant impact on the natural water cycle?
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What determines the color of marble formed from limestone?
What determines the color of marble formed from limestone?
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Which of the following best describes quartzite?
Which of the following best describes quartzite?
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What is a characteristic feature of hornfels?
What is a characteristic feature of hornfels?
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How do tectonic plates influence the formation of metamorphic rocks?
How do tectonic plates influence the formation of metamorphic rocks?
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What happens to sandstone during its transformation into quartzite?
What happens to sandstone during its transformation into quartzite?
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What is the main cause of physical and chemical changes in metamorphic rocks?
What is the main cause of physical and chemical changes in metamorphic rocks?
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In a microscopic view of certain metamorphic rocks, what can be observed about biotite crystals?
In a microscopic view of certain metamorphic rocks, what can be observed about biotite crystals?
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Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between plate tectonics and metamorphic rock formation?
Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between plate tectonics and metamorphic rock formation?
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Which major belt surrounds the Pacific Ocean and releases 80% of the Earth's seismic energy?
Which major belt surrounds the Pacific Ocean and releases 80% of the Earth's seismic energy?
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What is the annual frequency of noticeable earthquakes worldwide?
What is the annual frequency of noticeable earthquakes worldwide?
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What term describes the point on Earth's surface directly above where an earthquake starts?
What term describes the point on Earth's surface directly above where an earthquake starts?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of earthquakes?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of earthquakes?
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Where does significant metamorphism primarily occur in oceanic settings?
Where does significant metamorphism primarily occur in oceanic settings?
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What is the primary focus of the field of seismology?
What is the primary focus of the field of seismology?
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What geological feature serves as the surface where Earth's blocks slip past each other during an earthquake?
What geological feature serves as the surface where Earth's blocks slip past each other during an earthquake?
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Which region does the Alpide Belt extend through?
Which region does the Alpide Belt extend through?
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Study Notes
Metamorphic Rocks
- Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks that undergo extreme heat and pressure.
- These changes transform the original rock into a new form.
- Examples of rocks that can become metamorphic include sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks.
- Metamorphic rocks are often found in mountain ranges.ll2la2²222²aaw#a2la
- 2aCharacteristics include ribbon-like layers.
Protolith
- Protolith refers to the original rock
- Often referred to as the parent rock
Metamorphism Processes
- Heat: A primary agent, causing recrystallization of minerals without melting. Heat sources can include magma or geothermal gradients.
- Pressure: Causes deformation and realignment of minerals.
- Confining pressure: Uniform pressure from all directions, common during burial.
- Directed stress/differential pressure: Uneven pressure from different directions, often associated with tectonic forces, which leads to foliation.
- Chemically active fluids: Fluids, mostly water, dissolve ions, promoting new mineral growth.
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
- Foliated Rocks: Possess layered or banded appearance formed through pressure. Classification based on grade, grain size, and type of foliation.
- Granoblastic Rocks: Composed of equant (equidimensional) crystals like cubes, rather than platy or elongated crystals. Examples include marble and quartzite.
- Porphyroblasts: Large crystals embedded in a finer-grained matrix, often formed by contact or regional metamorphism.
Types of Metamorphism
- Regional Metamorphism: The most widespread type, high temperatures and pressures over large areas, creating changes in rocks far from the contact zone with any intrusion.
- Contact Metamorphism: Occurs from contact with magma, causing localized change around the intrusions.
- Seafloor Metamorphism: Associated with mid-ocean ridges, heated seawater circulating through the new oceanic crust.
- Shock Metamorphism: Occurs from the heat and shockwaves of a meteorite impact
- Burial Metamorphism: Caused by increasing pressure from overlying sediments & rocks, and the increasing heat from the depth of burial.
Causes of Earthquakes
- Plate edges become stuck due to irregularities.
- Stress builds, causing edges to break free along faults.
- Earthquakes occur mainly along two major belts; the Circum-Pacific Belt and the Alpide Belt.
Types of Earthquakes
- Tectonic Earthquakes: Associated with the movement and interaction of tectonic plates.
- Volcanic Earthquakes: Generated by the movement of magma within a volcano.
Volcanoes
- Volcanoes are created when magma rises through the Earth's crust to the surface.
- Factors affecting eruptions include viscosity and gas content of the magma.
- Types of eruptions include explosive and effusive.
Measuring Magnitude and Intensity
- Magnitude: Total energy released by an earthquake, most commonly measured using the Richter scale or the moment magnitude scale.
- Intensity: Level of shaking felt at a specific location, and is measured using the Mercalli scale.
Environmental Impacts of Earthquakes and Volcanoes
- Fires: Caused by ruptured gas lines, down powerlines, or broken water mains.
- Landslides: Occur during and after earthquakes in mountainous areas.
- Ground Liquefaction: Water-saturated soil behaves like a liquid, causing structures to sink or tilt.
- Tsunamis: Displacement of seawater due to underwater earthquakes, especially in subduction zones.
Adaptation Strategies and Considerations
- Building Codes: Specify minimum standards for building construction, helping to ensure structural stability in earthquake-prone areas.
- Water Conservation: Improved water management practices.
- Equity and Environmental Justice: Consideration for the disproportionate impact on marginalized communities and Indigenous populations.
- Global Cooperation: Essential to address transboundary water issues and climate change impacts.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of metamorphic rocks, formed under heat and pressure from existing rocks. This quiz covers the definition of protolith and the processes involved in metamorphism, including the roles of heat, pressure, and fluids. Test your knowledge of the unique characteristics and formation of these geological wonders.
