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Questions and Answers
What is the typical increase in temperature per kilometer of depth in the context of geothermal gradient?
What is the typical increase in temperature per kilometer of depth in the context of geothermal gradient?
What happens to clay minerals at temperatures between 150-200oC at a depth of around 8 km?
What happens to clay minerals at temperatures between 150-200oC at a depth of around 8 km?
Which factor, in addition to heat and pressure, plays a key role in promoting recrystallization during contact metamorphism?
Which factor, in addition to heat and pressure, plays a key role in promoting recrystallization during contact metamorphism?
What is the primary effect of lithostatic stress in geological processes?
What is the primary effect of lithostatic stress in geological processes?
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What geological mechanism can lead to directed stress in metamorphic environments?
What geological mechanism can lead to directed stress in metamorphic environments?
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What causes the precipitation of minerals at sea-floor vents during sudden changes in conditions?
What causes the precipitation of minerals at sea-floor vents during sudden changes in conditions?
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How does the water table influence the formation of residual mineral deposits?
How does the water table influence the formation of residual mineral deposits?
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What is the primary condition that leads to the formation of iron minerals from dissolved iron in water?
What is the primary condition that leads to the formation of iron minerals from dissolved iron in water?
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What factors contribute to the concentration of heavy minerals like gold or diamonds in streams?
What factors contribute to the concentration of heavy minerals like gold or diamonds in streams?
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What tectonic conditions may be responsible for sedimentary mineral deposits like banded iron ores?
What tectonic conditions may be responsible for sedimentary mineral deposits like banded iron ores?
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Which rock is NOT classified as a nonfoliated metamorphic rock?
Which rock is NOT classified as a nonfoliated metamorphic rock?
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What is the primary process through which limestone transforms into marble?
What is the primary process through which limestone transforms into marble?
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Which of the following rocks is usually associated with high-grade metamorphism?
Which of the following rocks is usually associated with high-grade metamorphism?
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What rock type is expected to form at convergent plate boundaries due to high pressure and temperature conditions?
What rock type is expected to form at convergent plate boundaries due to high pressure and temperature conditions?
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Which type of metamorphism is associated with the intrusion of hot magma into cooler rock?
Which type of metamorphism is associated with the intrusion of hot magma into cooler rock?
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What term describes the maximum rate of oil extraction from existing reserves?
What term describes the maximum rate of oil extraction from existing reserves?
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Which rock type is generally formed from the alteration of sedimentary rocks under heat and pressure and may display a granular texture?
Which rock type is generally formed from the alteration of sedimentary rocks under heat and pressure and may display a granular texture?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of shale as a cap rock?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of shale as a cap rock?
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What has been the trend of oil discoveries since the 1960s?
What has been the trend of oil discoveries since the 1960s?
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What is the primary environmental concern associated with coal usage?
What is the primary environmental concern associated with coal usage?
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Which country has the largest coal reserves?
Which country has the largest coal reserves?
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What type of coal is characterized as noncrystalline metamorphic rock?
What type of coal is characterized as noncrystalline metamorphic rock?
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Which percentage of the world's electricity is provided by nuclear power plants?
Which percentage of the world's electricity is provided by nuclear power plants?
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Why was there a standstill in the construction of nuclear power plants in North America for about three decades?
Why was there a standstill in the construction of nuclear power plants in North America for about three decades?
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Which renewable energy source accounts for the largest percentage of Canada's energy supplies?
Which renewable energy source accounts for the largest percentage of Canada's energy supplies?
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What is a key difference in energy consumption between Canada and the US?
What is a key difference in energy consumption between Canada and the US?
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What type of energy is derived from the nuclear energy stored within the Earth?
What type of energy is derived from the nuclear energy stored within the Earth?
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What percentage of energy consumption in Canada comes from non-renewable resources?
What percentage of energy consumption in Canada comes from non-renewable resources?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the three fundamental types of energy mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three fundamental types of energy mentioned?
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What is the role of hydrothermal activities in mineral resource formation?
What is the role of hydrothermal activities in mineral resource formation?
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Which energy type originates from the gravitational effects of celestial bodies?
Which energy type originates from the gravitational effects of celestial bodies?
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What is considered a typical ore mineral mentioned in the content?
What is considered a typical ore mineral mentioned in the content?
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What significantly contributes to the production of energy in Canada aside from fossil fuels?
What significantly contributes to the production of energy in Canada aside from fossil fuels?
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Which process involves the separation of ore minerals from gangue?
Which process involves the separation of ore minerals from gangue?
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Study Notes
Contact Metamorphism
- Temperature increases ~30°C per kilometer of depth.
- This rate of change is known as the geothermal gradient.
- The geothermal gradient varies in different tectonic settings.
- At temperatures between 150-200°C, clay minerals recrystallize into chlorite or mica.
- Temperatures are particularly high in the vicinity of magma bodies.
- Fluid transport facilitates recrystallization.
Pressure
- Lithostatic stress refers to pressure exerted by the weight of overlying rocks.
- Directed stress results in foliation in metamorphic rocks.
- Nonfoliated rocks may develop during regional or contact metamorphism.
Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks
- Non-foliated metamorphic rocks include marble, quartzite, metaconglomerate, hornfels, and anthracite.
- Marble forms from limestone due to contact metamorphism.
- Impure limestone in contact with silicate-rich plutons forms wollastonite and carbon dioxide gas.
Metamorphic Facies
- Metamorphic facies describe the relationship between mineral assemblage and metamorphic grade.
Plate Tectonics
- Metamorphism is closely linked to plate tectonics.
- Volcanic arc metamorphism occurs at high pressures and relatively low temperatures.
Earth Resources
- The Earth's crust contains metals, building stone, minerals, and energy sources.
Geologic Resources
- Geologic resources are nonliving materials mined for industrial purposes.
- Oil is a fossil fuel derived from buried plankton.
- Shale is a good cap rock, while sandstone is a good reservoir rock for oil.
Oil
- Approximately 77% of the world's oil has already been discovered.
- Oil discoveries have been dropping since the 1960s.
- Peak oil refers to the point where oil production reaches its maximum and starts declining.
Coal
- Coal is a fossil fuel found in sedimentary deposits.
- Major coal reserves are located in the United States, Russia, and China.
- Coal use contributes to smog, acid rain, and air toxicity.
Nuclear Power
- Nuclear power plants provide approximately 17% of the world's electricity.
- Construction of new nuclear power plants in North America has stalled for several decades due to safety concerns and radioactive waste management.
Renewable Energy
- Renewable energy sources, such as hydropower, solar power, wind power, bioenergy, geothermal energy, and ocean energy, are gaining importance.
- Renewable energy accounts for 24% of Canada's energy supply.
Energy Types
- Solar energy originates from nuclear fusion within the Sun's core.
- Geothermal energy originates from the nuclear energy stored within the Earth.
- Tidal energy originates from the gravitational effects of the Earth and Moon's rotation around the Sun.
Non-renewable Energy Resources
- Oil, coal, natural gas, and uranium represent 76% of Canada's energy consumption.
- Most of Canada's energy comes from non-renewable sources.
Metallic Mineral Resources
- Mineral deposits consist of ore minerals and gangue (non-ore minerals).
- Approximately 40 different metals are produced through mining and smelting.
Ore Mineral Formation
- Ore minerals form through four main processes:
- Magmatic segregation
- Hydrothermal activities
- Residual mineral deposits (weathering and leaching)
- Sedimentary mineral deposits (placer ores, evaporites, banded iron ores)
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of metamorphism in geology, focusing on contact metamorphism and the formation of non-foliated rocks. This quiz delves into the geothermal gradient, the role of pressure, and the different metamorphic facies that characterize this transformative process. Test your knowledge on how temperature and pressure influence metamorphic rocks!
