Metals and Reactivity Series

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Questions and Answers

Which property describes the ability of metals to be drawn into wires?

Sonority

Malleability

Ductility (correct)

Lustre

What defines a metal in terms of its electron behavior?

Metals are chemically inert and do not react.

Metals easily gain electrons.

Metals form negative ions by losing electrons.

Metals readily form positive ions by losing electrons. (correct)

Which of the following metals is considered a poor conductor of heat?

Lead (correct)

Iron

Copper

Silver

Which metal is known for having the highest ductility?

Gold Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the reactivity series of metals?

It arranges metals based on their reactivity and tendency to lose electrons. Signup and view all the answers

Which metal has a low melting point that can melt in hand?

Gallium Signup and view all the answers

What property gives metals their characteristic shininess?

Metallic lustre Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metals can be easily cut with a knife?

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during a displacement reaction involving metals?

Metal A replaces Metal B in a salt solution. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the melting and boiling points of most non-metals?

They generally have lower melting and boiling points. Signup and view all the answers

Which property is an exception among non-metals?

Lustre Signup and view all the answers

Which non-metal is known to be a good conductor of heat and electricity?

Graphite Signup and view all the answers

How do non-metals typically react with water and dilute acids?

They do not react to form hydrogen gas. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of ionic bond formation between metals and non-metals?

Electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another. Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction of sulphur with concentrated acid, what is produced?

Sulphur dioxide and water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about non-metals is false?

Non-metals are typically malleable. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic property of ionic compounds regarding their physical state?

They are brittle and can break easily. Signup and view all the answers

What affects the melting and boiling points of ionic compounds?

The amount of energy needed to break ionic bonds. Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following solvents are ionic compounds typically insoluble?

Kerosene Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the conductivity of solid ionic compounds?

They do not conduct electricity as solid ions are fixed in place. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metals does NOT react with cold or hot water?

Copper (Cu) Signup and view all the answers

What property allows metals to be drawn into thin wires?

Ductility Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when impurities are removed from ores?

Enrichment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of metals in the environment?

Earth's crust Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product when mercuric oxide is heated?

Mercury and Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of roasting in metal extraction processes?

To oxidize metal sulfides Signup and view all the answers

Which property is characteristic of alloys compared to pure metals?

Lower electrical conductivity Signup and view all the answers

Which reaction illustrates the thermite process?

Fe2O3(g) + 2Al(s) → 2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of electrolysis when extracting metals?

It utilizes molten sodium chloride. Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical nature of metals when reacting with dilute acids?

They displace hydrogen gas. Signup and view all the answers

What primary factor contributes to the rusting of iron?

Presence of water and humidity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an alloy of copper?

Brass Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is used to prevent corrosion?

Applying a zinc coating on iron Signup and view all the answers

What state of matter are most metals found in at room temperature?

Solid Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical reaction for the formation of brown rust?

4 Fe (s) + 6 O2 (g) + 6 H2O → 4 Fe2O3.xH2O(s) Signup and view all the answers

Which property distinguishes non-metals from metals?

Brittleness Signup and view all the answers

Which metal is not likely to undergo rapid corrosion compared to others?

Aluminum Signup and view all the answers

Which alloy is a mixture of mercury?

Amalgam Signup and view all the answers

Based on their physical properties, how do metals typically conduct heat?

Good conductors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metals is known to be ductile?

Copper Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Metals

Metals are elements that readily lose electrons to form positive ions.
Examples include zinc, iron, and copper.
Physical properties:
- Metallic luster: Shine when pure, like gold, silver, and platinum.
- Hardness: Varies greatly; alkali metals like sodium are soft, while most are hard.
- Malleability: Can be hammered into thin sheets, with gold and silver being most malleable.
- Ductility: Can be drawn into wires, with gold being the most ductile.
- Electrical conductivity: Excellent conductors of electricity due to free electron movement.
- Sonority: Produce sound when struck, like bells.
- Thermal conductivity: Good conductors of heat, except lead and mercury.
- Melting and boiling point: Generally have high melting and boiling points.
- Tungsten: Highest melting point.
- Gallium and Caesium: Extremely low melting points, melt in the palm of your hand.

Reactivity Series

Arranges metals based on their reactivity.
Metals higher in the series are more reactive, easily losing electrons.
Metals can displace other metals from their salt solutions.
Displacement reaction: Metal A + Salt solution of B → Salt solution of A + Metal B

Non-metals

Elements gaining electrons to form negative ions (anions).
Examples include chlorine, hydrogen, iodine, and sulfur.
Physical properties:
- Lustre: Generally dull, except for diamond and graphite (allotropes of carbon) and iodine.
- Hardness: Most are soft, with diamond being the hardest non-metal.
- Malleability and Ductility: Not malleable or ductile.
- Electrical and Thermal Conductivity: Poor conductors of both electricity and heat (except for graphite, which is a good conductor of both).
- Melting and Boiling Point: Generally have lower melting and boiling points, except for boron, silicon, and carbon which are solid at room temperature.
- Brittleness: Tend to be brittle, like sulfur which shatters when hammered.

Ionic Bond Formation

Forms between metals and non-metals by complete transfer of electrons.
Metal loses electrons to form a positive ion (cation).
Non-metal gains electrons to form a negative ion (anion).
The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions creates a strong ionic bond.

Properties of Ionic Compounds

Physical nature:
- Solids at room temperature.
- Hard due to strong attraction between ions.
- Brittle, they break easily when hammered.
Melting and boiling points:
- High melting and boiling points due to the energy required to break the strong electrostatic force.
Solubility:
- Usually soluble in water, but insoluble in non-polar solvents like kerosene or petrol.
Conduction of electricity:
- Solid ionic compounds are insulators as their ions are fixed.
- Molten ionic compounds conduct electricity as ions are free to move.

Occurrence of Metals

Primarily found in Earth's crust.
Also present in seawater as soluble salts, like sodium chloride (NaCl).

Extraction of Metals

Process of obtaining pure metals from their ores.
Enrichment of Ores:
- Ores often contain impurities called gangue, which must be removed.
- Methods for removing gangue depend on the physical and chemical properties of the gangue.

Extracting Metals Low in the Activity Series

Mercury: Extracted from cinnabar ore by heating, forming mercuric oxide (HgO) that decomposes to mercury (Hg).
Copper: Extracted from copper sulfide ore by roasting and then reacting copper(I) oxide with copper(I) sulfide.

Extracting Metals in the Middle of the Activity Series

Roasting: Heating concentrated ores in the presence of excess air.
Calcination: Heating concentrated ores in the absence of excess air.
Reduction: Reacting metal oxide with carbon to obtain the pure metal.

Extracting Metals High in the Activity Series

Electrolytic Reduction: Used for highly reactive metals like sodium.
Electrolysis: Passing electricity through a molten salt, where the metal is deposited at the cathode.

Electrolytic Refining

Used to further purify impure metals.
Electrolysis: Impure metal is made the anode, pure metal the cathode, and a suitable electrolyte solution is used.

Corrosion

The gradual destruction of metals by chemical reactions with the surrounding environment.
Commonly caused by oxidation, often involving oxygen and water.
Rusting: Corrosion of iron in the presence of oxygen and water.
Prevention:
- Painting: Creates a barrier to oxygen and water.
- Oiling and greasing: Similar to painting, creating a protective layer.
- Galvanization: Coating iron with a layer of zinc, which is more reactive and acts as a sacrificial anode.
- Alloying: Mixing metals to improve resistance to corrosion and other properties.

Alloys

Homogenous mixtures of two or more metals.
Properties:
- Usually stronger than the constituent metals.
- Lower melting point and decreased electrical conductivity.
- Improved resistance to corrosion and increased hardness.

Common Alloys

Amalgam: Alloy of mercury.
Brass: Alloy of copper (80%) and zinc (20%).
Bronze: Alloy of copper (90%) and tin (10%).

Comparison of Metals and Non-metals: Chemical Properties

Property	Metals	Non-metals
Reactivity	Strong tendency to lose electrons	Strong tendency to gain electrons
Reaction with Acids	Displaces hydrogen gas from dilute acids	Generally don't displace hydrogen gas
Reaction with Oxygen	Forms basic oxides	Forms acidic oxides
Reaction with Hydrogen	Forms hydrides	Form covalent compounds

Comparison of Metals and Non-metals: Physical Properties

Property	Metals	Non-metals
State of Matter	Solid except Hg, Ga and Cs	Solid, liquid (Br), gas (all others)
Density	Generally high except Na, Ca, K	Low
Melting and Boiling Point	Generally high except Hg, Ga, Pb, Sn	Generally low
Malleability	Malleable, can be beaten into thin sheets	Brittle
Hardness	Hard except Na, Ca, K, Pb, Hg	Usually soft except diamond
Ductility	Ductile, can be drawn into wires	Non-ductile
Thermal & Electrical Conductivity	Good conductors of both	Poor conductors of both

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Description

This quiz explores the properties of metals, including their physical characteristics such as malleability, ductility, and conductivity. It also covers examples from the reactivity series, detailing various metals like zinc, iron, and copper. Test your knowledge on these essential concepts in chemistry!