Metallurgy: Lanthanoids, Actinoids, and Iron Extraction
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly describes the effect of lanthanoid contraction on the properties of post-lanthanoid elements?

  • Increased atomic size, leading to weaker metallic bonding.
  • No significant effect due to the shielding of nuclear charge by 4f electrons.
  • Decreased ionic radii, resulting in increased polarizing power and higher charge density. (correct)
  • Increased ionization energies, making the elements more reactive.

During the extraction of iron in a blast furnace, what chemical reaction primarily occurs in the zone of reduction?

  • $Fe_2O_3(s) + 3CO(g) \rightarrow 2Fe(l) + 3CO_2(g)$ (correct)
  • $C(s) + O_2(g) \rightarrow CO_2(g)$
  • $SiO_2(s) + CaO(s) \rightarrow CaSiO_3(s)$
  • $CaCO_3(s) \rightarrow CaO(s) + CO_2(g)$

Why is $Fe^{3+}$ more stable than $Fe^{2+}$?

  • $Fe^{3+}$ has a $d^5$ configuration, which is a stable, half-filled state. (correct)
  • $Fe^{3+}$ has a higher positive charge, leading to stronger interactions with ligands.
  • $Fe^{3+}$ has a completely filled d-orbital, providing extra stability.
  • $Fe^{3+}$ has a $d^6$ configuration, which is a stable, half-filled state.

What is the key difference between lanthanoids and actinoids regarding their radioactive properties?

<p>Actinoids are generally radioactive, while lanthanoids have very few or no radioactive isotopes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do d-block elements and their ions tend to form coloured compounds?

<p>Due to the absorption of light causing d-d transitions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily determines the colour of transition metal ions in solution?

<p>The nature of the ligands coordinated to the metal ion and the crystal field splitting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the +2 oxidation state of manganese more stable than other oxidation states?

<p>Because $Mn^{2+}$ achieves a stable $d^5$ electronic configuration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are interstitial compounds characterized by?

<p>Consisting of small non-metal atoms trapped inside the crystal lattice of transition metals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the electronic configuration of Gadolinium (Gd, Z=64)?

<p>[Xe] 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s² (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does 'roasting' differ from 'calcination' in metallurgical processes?

<p>Calcination involves heating in the absence of air; roasting requires excess air. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are Lanthanoids?

Elements with atomic numbers 57 (Lanthanum) to 71 (Lutetium). They fill the 4f subshell.

Calcination Vs. Roasting

"Heating an ore in the absence of air" converts carbonates and hydrates to oxides. Roasting involves heating in the presence of air, often to convert sulfides to oxides.

Position of Actinides

Actinides are placed in the f-block, specifically period 7, from Actinium (Ac, Z=89) onwards. They're typically shown below the lanthanides in the periodic table.

Ore Formulas

Calamine: $ZnCO_3$, Haematite: $Fe_2O_3$, Magnetite: $Fe_3O_4$, Corundum: $Al_2O_3$

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Interstitial Compound Properties

Interstitial compounds are formed when small atoms (H, C, N) occupy the interstitial sites in a metal lattice. The strong covalent bonds formed increase the melting point.

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Lanthanoid Contraction

The steady decrease in the size of lanthanide ions from $La^{3+}$ to $Lu^{3+}$. This arises due to poor shielding of nuclear charge by 4f electrons.

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Iron Extraction Reactions

In the zone of reduction ($400 - 700^{\circ}C$), $Fe_2O_3$ is reduced to $FeO$ by CO: $Fe_2O_3 + CO → 2FeO + CO_2$ and $CO_2 + C → 2CO$

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Position of Iron (Fe)

Iron (Z=26) is in the d-block, specifically group 8 and period 4 of the periodic table.

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Fe3+ vs. Fe2+ Stability

$Fe^{3+}$ is more stable than $Fe^{2+}$ because $Fe^{3+}$ has a half-filled d orbital ($d^5$), which is a stable configuration.

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Lanthanoids vs. Actinoids

Lanthanoids: Less tendency to form complexes, +3 oxidation state is most stable. Actinoids: Greater tendency to form complexes, exhibit variable oxidation states.

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Study Notes

  • Lanthanoids are a group of elements, and actinoids have a specific position in the periodic table.
  • Calcination is a process different from roasting.
  • Chemical formulas for ores include:
    • Calamine
    • Haematite
    • Magnetite
    • Corundum
  • Interstitial compounds have higher melting points than corresponding pure metals.
  • Lanthanoid contraction's definition and effects.
  • Reactions in the zone of reduction in a blast furnace during iron extraction.
  • Iron's (Z = 26) position in the periodic table.
  • Fe3+ is more stable than Fe2+.
  • Differences between Lanthanoides and Actinoides include the atomic numbers Sc = 21 and Ti = 22.
  • Hydrometallurgy and Electrometallurgy definitions
  • One ore each of iron and zinc's names and chemical formulas.
  • Sc3+ is colorless, but Ti3+ is colored.
  • Interstitial compounds are explained.
  • Factors related to the color of transition metal ions.
  • Different oxidation states of iron and why the oxidation state of manganese is more stable for Mn (Z = 25).
  • Lanthanoid contraction, why lanthanum (Z = 57) forms La3+ ion, while cerium (Z = 58) forms Ce4+ ion.
  • Steps in the extraction of pure metals from their ores.
  • Action of carbon on metal oxide Fe2O3 in a blast furnace.
  • 'd' and 'f' block elements
  • Actions of water, sulphur, nitrogen, and heat on lanthanoids.
  • Position of actinoids in the periodic table.
  • Action of sulphur on lanthanoids.
  • Calculate the magnetic moment of a divalent ion with an atomic number of 24 in an aqueous solution.
  • Lanthanoid contraction and two uses of KMnO4.
  • Bessermization process explained.
  • Electrometallurgy
  • Name and chemical formula of one ore of zinc.
  • Flux and Leaching Process
  • Electronic configuration of lanthanoids and why transition metal compounds are colored.
  • Iron exhibits +2 and +3 oxidation states and their electronic configuration.
  • La(OH)3 is the strongest base, while Lu(OH)3 is the weakest.
  • Two applications of catalytic properties of transition metals and compounds.
  • Haematite's chemical formula.
  • Definition of a mineral.
  • Calculate the spin-only magnetic moment of a divalent transition metal cation with atomic number 25; salts of Ti4+ are colorless.
  • Lanthanoid contraction, its definition.
  • Molecular formulas of Chalcopyrite and Calamine.
  • Lanthanoid contraction similarities between lanthanoids and actinoids.
  • Electronic configuration of Gd (Z = 64).
  • Lanthanides and actinides.
  • Interstitial compounds and classification of alloys.
  • Why d-block elements form colored compounds.
  • Alloy used in the Fischer Tropsch process for gasoline synthesis.
  • Definition of Gangue.
  • Different oxidation states of manganese and why a +2 oxidation state of manganese is more stable.

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Description

This lesson covers lanthanoids, actinoids, differences between calcination and roasting, and the chemical formulas for ores. It also explains interstitial compounds and their properties, lanthanoid contraction, and reactions in the zone of reduction during iron extraction. It further covers the different oxidation states of iron.

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