Metal Forming Operations

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Questions and Answers

What is metal forming also known as?

  • Mechanical working of metals (correct)
  • Metallurgical processing
  • Thermal treatment of metals
  • Mechanical cutting of metals

What is the main objective of metal working processes?

  • To provide the desired shape and size, and to achieve optimum mechanical properties (correct)
  • To improve the properties of the metal only
  • To produce a new shape only
  • To reduce the internal voids or cavities present

How can the necessary deformation in a metal be achieved?

  • By heating the metal only
  • By application of mechanical force only or by heating the metal and then applying a small force (correct)
  • By applying a high pressure only
  • By applying a small force only

What happens to the impurities present in the metal during plastic deformation?

<p>They are elongated with the grains and get broken and dispersed throughout the metal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition required for plastic deformation of a metal to take place?

<p>When the stress caused in the metal reaches the yield point (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs along two parallel planes in a metal during plastic deformation?

<p>Twinning planes move diagonally across the unit cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability of a material to be drawn into wire with the application of tensile force?

<p>Ductility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of making a metal harder and stronger through plastic deformation?

<p>Strain hardening (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of dislocations interacting and becoming pinned or tangled in a metal?

<p>A decrease in the mobility of the dislocations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature range at which strain hardening occurs?

<p>At a temperature low enough that atoms cannot rearrange themselves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when strain hardened materials are exposed to elevated temperatures?

<p>The strengthening that resulted from the plastic deformation is lost (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During heat treatment, what can occur to remove the effects of strain hardening?

<p>Recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the recovery phase during heat treatment?

<p>A reduction in the dislocation density and internal residual stresses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of recrystallization during heat treatment?

<p>The material's mechanical properties return to their original weaker and more ductile states (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of grain growth during heat treatment?

<p>The material's strength and toughness decrease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of hot rolling?

<p>Results in residual stress-free product (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to defects in the metal during hot working?

<p>They get removed or welded up (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disadvantage of cold working?

<p>Some materials, which are brittle, cannot be cold worked easily (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it possible to hot work brittle materials?

<p>Because they become ductile at high temperatures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of hot rolling on the material's surface?

<p>Scaling is a major problem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major disadvantage of hot working?

<p>The surface layer loses its strength (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of rolling?

<p>To break down ingots into wrought products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of cold working?

<p>To obtain a better surface finish (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of strain hardening in cold working?

<p>The material's strength and hardness are increased (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of cold working?

<p>The cold worked process possesses less ductility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of bending in sheet metal manufacturing?

<p>To impart strength and stiffness to the sheet metal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of hot working on the grain structure of cast metal?

<p>It refines the grain structure into smaller equiaxed grains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is hot working preferred over cold working in certain situations?

<p>It does not strain harden the metal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of grain growth in hot working?

<p>It results in poor mechanical properties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using hot working over cold working?

<p>It lowers the stresses required to produce deformations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum cross-sectional area of a bloom?

<p>230 square centimeters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum width of a slab?

<p>3 times its thickness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum cross-sectional area of a billet?

<p>40 square centimeters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum thickness of a plate?

<p>6 mm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a strip?

<p>Width less than 60 cm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a two high reversing mill?

<p>Rolls rotate in one direction and then in the other (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of a three high rolling mill?

<p>It requires less powerful motor and transmission system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of mechanically operated lifted tables in a three high rolling mill?

<p>To move the work piece vertically or horizontally (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of rolling mill is used for hot rolling of armor and other plates?

<p>Four high rolling mill (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a tandem rolling mill?

<p>To roll multiple stands in a continuous process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Metal Forming

  • Metal forming operations are used to produce a new shape or improve the properties of a metal.
  • Shaping in the solid state can be divided into non-cutting shaping (e.g., forging, rolling, pressing) and cutting shaping (e.g., machining operations).

Plastic Deformation

  • Plastic deformation occurs when a metal is deformed beyond its elastic range.
  • The main objectives of metal working processes are to provide the desired shape and size, improve mechanical properties, and reduce internal voids or cavities.
  • Metals are commonly worked by plastic deformation, which can be achieved by applying mechanical force or heating the metal and then applying a small force.

Strain Hardening

  • Strain hardening (also known as work-hardening or cold-working) is the process of making a metal harder and stronger through plastic deformation.
  • Dislocations move and interact with each other, resulting in a decrease in their mobility and a strengthening of the material.
  • Strain hardening can be demonstrated by bending a wire or paper clip repeatedly.

Effects of Elevated Temperature on Strain Hardened Materials

  • When strain hardened materials are exposed to elevated temperatures, the strengthening that resulted from the plastic deformation can be lost.
  • Heat treatment can be used to remove the effects of strain hardening, which involves three stages: recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth.

Recovery

  • Recovery occurs when a stain hardened material is held at an elevated temperature, allowing atoms to move to unstrained positions and relieve internal strain energy.
  • This results in a reduction in internal residual stresses and a movement of dislocations to lower-energy positions.

Recrystallization

  • Recrystallization occurs at a higher temperature, where new, strain-free grains nucleate and grow inside the old distorted grains and at the grain boundaries.
  • This results in a return to the original weaker and more ductile states of the material.

Grain Growth

  • Grain growth occurs when a specimen is left at a high temperature beyond the time needed for complete recrystallization.
  • This results in a decrease in the strength and toughness of the material.

Embossing

  • Embossing is a process that involves stretching a metal sheet to shape under pressure using a punch and a die.
  • This process gives a stiffening effect to the metal and can produce ornamental wares.

Coining

  • Coining is a cold working operation that involves producing shallow configurations on a metal surface using a die and a punch.
  • This process is used for producing important articles such as medals, coins, and stickers.

Bending

  • Bending is a common process in the manufacturing industry that involves the plastic deformation of a metal sheet over an axis.
  • This process changes the shape of the workpiece while maintaining its volume.

Hot Working

  • Hot working is a mechanical working process that occurs above the recrystallization temperature of the metal.
  • This process is used to produce large deformations and can result in a refined grain structure and improved mechanical properties.

Effects of Hot Working on Mechanical Properties of Metals

  • Hot working can produce a refined grain structure and improve mechanical properties.
  • It can also reduce the stresses required to produce deformations and increase the possible amount of deformation.
  • Hot working can result in a uniform distribution of impurities and improve the surface finish of the metal.

Merits of Hot Working

  • Hot working can be used to achieve large deformations without strain hardening.
  • It can improve the grain structure and mechanical properties of the metal.
  • It can also reduce the stresses required to produce deformations.

Demerits of Hot Working

  • Hot working can result in a poor surface finish due to oxidation and scaling.
  • It can also lead to a loss of carbon from the surface of the steel, resulting in a loss of strength.

Cold Working

  • Cold working is a mechanical working process that occurs below the recrystallization temperature of the metal.
  • It is used to obtain better surface finish, increase mechanical properties, and produce thinner materials.

Purpose of Cold Working

  • Cold working is used to obtain better surface finish and increase mechanical properties.
  • It is also used to produce thinner materials and improve the dimensional accuracy of parts.

Limitations of Cold Working

  • Cold working can result in a decrease in ductility and an increase in strain hardening.
  • It requires higher forces and more powerful equipment than hot working.
  • It can also result in a distortion of the grain structure and the formation of internal stresses.

Advantages of Cold Working

  • Cold working can produce a smooth surface finish and accurate dimensions.
  • It can increase the strength and hardness of the material.
  • It can also result in better dimensional accuracy and a reduction in distortion.

Disadvantages of Cold Working

  • Cold working can result in a distortion of the grain structure and the formation of internal stresses.
  • It can also limit the amount of deformation that can be given to the material.
  • It requires higher forces and more powerful equipment than hot working.

Rolling

  • Rolling is a metal forming operation that involves the plastic deformation of a material caused by compressive force applied through a set of rolls.
  • It is used to produce a wide range of products, including blooms, billets, plates, and sheets.
  • Rolling can be done at high or low temperatures, depending on the desired outcome.### Rolling Process
  • Hot rolling produces residual stress-free products, but scaling is a major problem, affecting dimensional accuracy.
  • Cold rolling is gaining importance for sheets, foils, etc., due to high accuracy and lack of oxide scaling, and also strengthens the product through work hardening.

Rolling Mills

  • Rolling is a major manufacturing process for sheets and other cross-sections of large length, such as I beams, railroads, etc.
  • It involves compressing a metal workpiece between a set of rolls, reducing its cross-section area and increasing its length.
  • This process offers high production rates, surface finish, and grain structure, but has high setup costs.

Terminology

  • Ingot: a cast metal with porosity and blowholes, soaked at 1200°C and rolled into blooms, billets, or slabs.
  • Blooms: the first rolled product, made by rolling ingot at high temperature, with a cross-section area ≥ 230 cm².
  • Slab: made by hot rolling of ingot, with a cross-section area ≥ 100 cm² and width ≥ 3 times its thickness.
  • Billets: made by hot rolling of blooms, with a cross-section area ≥ 40 cm², used to roll into pipes, bars, wire, etc.
  • Plate: a product of further rolling of slab, with a thickness > 6 mm.
  • Sheet: a product with a thickness < 6 mm and width > 60 cm.
  • Strip: a product with a thickness < 6 mm and width < 60 cm.

Types of Rolling Mills

  • Two high reversing mill: rolls rotate in one direction and then in the other, allowing the metal to pass back and forth through the rolls several times.
  • Two high non-reversing mill: rolls revolve continuously in one direction, requiring smaller and less costly motive power.
  • Three high rolling mill: consists of three parallel rolls, with adjacent rolls rotating in opposite directions, reducing thickness at each pass.
  • Four high rolling mill: used for hot rolling of armor and other plates, as well as cold rolling of plates, sheets, and strips.
  • Tandem rolling mills: used for rolling multiple stands in a continuous process.

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