pathophysiology test 4 review

Which process involves synthesizing macromolecules from building blocks?

What is the primary function of stage 1 in the Anabolism of food?

Which type of reaction requires energy from ATP for the activation of precursors?

What is the major source of calories in a typical diet according to the text?

Which stage involves converting all basic monomers to Acetyl CoA in the Catabolism of food?

In what stage of Anabolism are activated precursors assembled into complex molecules?

What equation represents the relationship between catabolism, anabolism, and metabolism?

Which stage of the Anabolism process involves the activation of precursors into reactive forms?

What does a body mass index (BMI) over 25 signify?

What is described by the term Metabolically Healthy Obesity (MHO)?

What is a possible factor contributing to Metabolically Healthy Obesity (MHO)?

What is positively associated with Metabolically Healthy Obesity (MHO)?

Which factor is NOT mentioned as potentially contributing to Metabolically Healthy Obesity (MHO)?

How is Metabolically Healthy Obesity (MHO) defined according to the text?

What is the primary emphasis of the text regarding health and body size?

How is obesity defined in the adult world according to the text?

Which of the following vitamins require a transport protein for absorption?

During the absorptive state, what happens to glucose?

Which hormone is dominant in the postabsorptive state?

What is the primary function of the liver in the absorptive state?

What is the result of insulin resistance?

What is the effect of epinephrine on glycogen breakdown?

What is the result of chronically elevated stress hormones on glucose levels?

Which of the following is NOT a target tissue for insulin?

Which macronutrient provides twice the amount of energy compared to carbohydrates?

What is the primary source of nitrogen for the body?

Which of the following macronutrients is stored in the liver and muscles for quick energy availability?

What are substances formed from linoleic (ω-6) and linolenic (ω-3) acids that are involved in cellular signaling and DNA regulation?

Which amino acids are considered essential and cannot be synthesized by the body?

Nutrients (except fats) absorbed by the small intestine capillaries are delivered to the liver via which system?

Which structures in the small intestine greatly enhance the absorption of nutrients due to their large surface area?

What is responsible for creating a hyponatremic intracellular environment in intestinal villus cells?

Which process relies on the movement of sodium through a sodium channel for transporting monosaccharides?

What enzyme is responsible for breaking down proteins in the small intestine?

How are monoglycerides and free fatty acids absorbed into the cells of the small intestine?

Which enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of macromolecules in digestion?

What happens to lipids after they are absorbed into the cells of the small intestine?

Which enzyme is crucial in breaking down lipids in the small intestine?

What is the function of the pancreatic enzyme saccharidase?

How are monosaccharides and amino acids absorbed by intestinal cells?

What is the percentage of Hb A2 in adult hemoglobin?

What is the function of phagocytic macrophages in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes?

What is the PO2 at which hemoglobin is approximately 78% saturated with oxygen?

What is the effect of increased metabolic demand on hemoglobin's oxygen affinity?

What is the lifespan of platelets in circulation?

What is the function of granules in granulocytes?

What is the percentage of neutrophils among total white blood cells?

What is the lifespan of mature neutrophils?

What is the function of thrombopoietin (TPO)?

What is the primary function of leukocytes?

What is the role of albumin in the blood?

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood as mentioned in the text?

Which type of cells produce immunoglobulins in the blood?

Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma proteins?

What is the primary function of fibrinogen in the blood?

In the blood, which protein plays a vital role in regulating the passage of water and solutes through capillaries?

Which of the following components creates oncotic pressure in the vasculature?

What is the function of clotting factors in the blood?

Which component of blood is responsible for binding and carrying molecules like iron, copper, and vitamins?

What is the primary source of most plasma proteins in the blood?

What hormone or growth factor increases red blood cell (RBC) production?

What is the primary site of hematopoietic stem cells in adults?

Which component of blood undergoes differentiation to produce granulocytes and monocytes?

What is the lifespan of mature red blood cells (RBCs)?

Which vitamin is an important cofactor for the development of red blood cells?

What protein in red blood cells is responsible for transporting carbon dioxide (CO2)?

Which organ releases Erythropoietin (EPO) when it senses low oxygen levels?

Where do lymphopoietic stem cells become Pro NK and Pro T cells before migrating to differentiate into NK cells and T cells?

Which type of bone marrow is characterized by being inactive with a large amount of fat?

What is the function of a tetramer in hemoglobin with respect to oxygen?

What type of cells contains granules that have toxic chemicals to destroy parasites and viruses?

Which cells differentiate in the thymus and are critical for cell-mediated immunity?

Which type of cells are involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections?

Which white blood cells can transform into macrophages and travel to sites of inflammation?

What deficiency puts the body at high risk for atypical infections, especially from fungi?

Which leukocytes originate from lymphoid stem cells and have a kidney-shaped nucleus?

Which cells contain granules that stain blue with basic dye and contain histamine?

What is the most common agranulocyte and makes up 30% of total leukocytes?

Which leukocytes are characterized by high numbers during Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions and asthma?

Which cells are similar to mast cells and are involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions?

What is the primary function of von Willebrand factor in hemostasis?

What is the consequence of platelet activation during hemostasis?

What is the role of endothelium in normal conditions?

What is the final step in the process of hemostasis?

What is the consequence of endothelial damage during hemostasis?

What is the role of glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) in hemostasis?

What is the function of tissue factor in hemostasis?

What is the consequence of platelet adhesion during hemostasis?

What is the role of fibrin in hemostasis?

What is the function of thromboxane A2 during hemostasis?

What initiates the production of thromboxane A2 by platelets?

Which factor in the Common Pathway of the Clotting Cascade converts prothrombin into thrombin?

What is the primary function of Antithrombin III in hemostasis?

Which enzyme activates plasminogen into plasmin in the lysis of blood clots?

Which deficiency does NOT result in prolonged bleeding according to the text?

What activates Protein C and S in the presence of the thrombomodulin/thrombin complex?

What is the primary role of Warfarin (coumadin) in hemostasis?

Which of the following is a common function of Protein C and S in hemostasis?

In the intrinsic pathway of the Clotting Cascade, what leads to the activation of Factor XII?

Which isoform converts arachidonic acid to thromboxane A2 in platelets?

What is the primary cause of microcytic-hypochromic anemia?

Which type of anemia is caused by a problem with RBC maturation from precursor cells?

What is the effect of acute blood loss on EPO production?

What is the consequence of chronic blood loss if it exceeds the replacement capacity of the bone marrow?

What is the result of decreased RBC production in the bone marrow?

What is the primary mechanism of anemia due to increased RBC destruction?

What is the consequence of ineffective erythropoiesis?

What is the primary cause of normocytic-normochromic anemia?

What is the effect of chronic blood loss on iron levels?

What is the primary mechanism of anemia due to blood loss?

What is the main difference between Hemoglobin A and Hemoglobin A2?

What is the primary cause of Anemia of Chronic Disease?

What is the result of having four beta chains joined together in a hemoglobin molecule?

What is the primary cause of Polycythemia Vera?

What is the function of cytochrome b5 reductase in the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway?

What is the result of having four gamma chains joined together in a hemoglobin molecule?

What is the primary cause of Iron Deficiency Anemia?

What is the primary feature of Thalassemia?

What is the result of having Hemoglobin with Fe+3 instead of Fe+2?

What is the primary cause of Methemoglobinemia?

What is the primary source of fuel for red blood cells?

Which pathway converts glucose to pyruvate in red blood cells?

What is the genetic basis of G6PD Deficiency?

Which stimulus can trigger significant damage to red blood cells in those with G6PD Deficiency?

Why does the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt take place in red blood cells?

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of G6PD Deficiency?

What is the most common trigger of significant symptoms in those with G6PD Deficiency?

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Methemoglobinemia?

What is the main purpose of the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt in red blood cells?

What is the primary consequence of lack of NADH in red blood cells with G6PD Deficiency under oxidative stress?

What is the primary function of bile salts in the digestive process?

What triggers the release of bile salts from the gallbladder into the duodenum?

What is the purpose of creating micelles in the digestive process?

Where do triglycerides get reassembled into their original form after absorption into the small intestine cells?

What is the fate of triglycerides once they are exocytosed from the cells into the lymphatic channel?

What is the main function of bile salts in the digestion and absorption of fats?

What is the viral structure of hepatitis A virus (HAV)?

Which antibody is diagnostic evidence of recent hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection?

In which phase of the disease does hepatitis A virus (HAV) typically cause liver cell damage?

What is the primary mode of transmission of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) among sexual workers?

Which body fluid has the highest concentration of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)?

What is a key characteristic of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) that hinders the host immune system's response?

What is the primary function of the hepatic portal system in the liver?

What is the main role of sinusoids in the liver lobules?

In which zone of the liver lobules do hepatocytes specialize in glycolysis and lipogenesis?

What best describes the role of a bile canaliculus in the liver?

What is the main purpose of liver sinusoids in relation to blood flow?

What distinguishes a bile canaliculus from a duct in the liver?

What is the primary role of conjugated bilirubin in the body?

Why does the liver convert unsoluble bilirubin into conjugated bilirubin?

What happens to unconjugated bilirubin after binding to albumin in the bloodstream?

How is biliverdin produced in the breakdown of hemoglobin?

When is bilirubin considered a bad thing in the body?

Why is the passive process of reabsorption of bile salts in the colon important?

What is one of the major functions of the liver described in the text?

Where do the absorbed nutrients go first upon arriving in the body?

Which vessel carries absorbed nutrients to the liver for processing?

Apart from filtering, what is another function of the liver mentioned in the text?

Where does the blood go after traveling through the Hepatic Veins?

What does the liver serve as before nutrients enter the general circulation?

What is the primary function of HBeAg in Hepatitis B infection?

What is the significance of anti-HBs Ab’s in Hepatitis B infection?

Which sexually transmitted infection is most commonly transmitted through sharing injection equipment and in healthcare settings?

What is the risk of developing cirrhosis of the liver within 20 years for people with chronic HCV infection?

Which is the primary cause of Cirrhosis?

What is the primary diagnostic test for assessing the degree of liver damage in patients with chronic Hepatitis C infection?

How is chronic Hepatitis C diagnosed after testing positive for anti-HCV antibodies?

What does cirrhosis of the liver result from?

What causes capillary hydrostatic pressure to exceed capillary osmotic pressure in the context of Cirrhosis?

What is the primary function of anti-HBe in Hepatitis B infection?