pathophysiology test 4 review
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Questions and Answers

Which process involves synthesizing macromolecules from building blocks?

  • Catabolism
  • Anabolism (correct)
  • Metabolism
  • Photosynthesis

    • What is the primary function of stage 1 in the Anabolism of food?

  • Activation of precursors
  • Production of precursors (correct)
  • Feed into the Citric Acid Cycle
  • Assembly of macromolecules

    • Which type of reaction requires energy from ATP for the activation of precursors?

  • Catabolic reactions
  • Photosynthesis
  • Metabolic reactions
  • Anabolic reactions (correct)

    • What is the major source of calories in a typical diet according to the text?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage involves converting all basic monomers to Acetyl CoA in the Catabolism of food?

    <p>Stage Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what stage of Anabolism are activated precursors assembled into complex molecules?

    <p>Stage Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What equation represents the relationship between catabolism, anabolism, and metabolism?

    <p>Catabolism + Anabolism = Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the Anabolism process involves the activation of precursors into reactive forms?

    <p>Stage Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a body mass index (BMI) over 25 signify?

    <p>Being overweight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is described by the term Metabolically Healthy Obesity (MHO)?

    <p>Obese individuals with no metabolic complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible factor contributing to Metabolically Healthy Obesity (MHO)?

    <p>Genetics and inflammatory factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is positively associated with Metabolically Healthy Obesity (MHO)?

    <p>Absence of metabolic syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as potentially contributing to Metabolically Healthy Obesity (MHO)?

    <p>Visceral fat accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Metabolically Healthy Obesity (MHO) defined according to the text?

    <p>Obesity without metabolic-associated complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary emphasis of the text regarding health and body size?

    <p>Hold space for individual experiences within health factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is obesity defined in the adult world according to the text?

    <p>Defined by a body mass index (BMI) over 30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vitamins require a transport protein for absorption?

    <p>Vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the absorptive state, what happens to glucose?

    <p>It is stored as glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is dominant in the postabsorptive state?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the liver in the absorptive state?

    <p>Converting glucose to triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of insulin resistance?

    <p>Increased insulin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of epinephrine on glycogen breakdown?

    <p>It increases glycogen breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of chronically elevated stress hormones on glucose levels?

    <p>Increased glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a target tissue for insulin?

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macronutrient provides twice the amount of energy compared to carbohydrates?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of nitrogen for the body?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following macronutrients is stored in the liver and muscles for quick energy availability?

    <p>Complex carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are substances formed from linoleic (ω-6) and linolenic (ω-3) acids that are involved in cellular signaling and DNA regulation?

    <p>Lipoxins and Resolvins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acids are considered essential and cannot be synthesized by the body?

    <p>Histidine, isoleucine, leucine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nutrients (except fats) absorbed by the small intestine capillaries are delivered to the liver via which system?

    <p>Hepatic Portal System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures in the small intestine greatly enhance the absorption of nutrients due to their large surface area?

    <p>Microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for creating a hyponatremic intracellular environment in intestinal villus cells?

    <p>Na+/K+ Pumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process relies on the movement of sodium through a sodium channel for transporting monosaccharides?

    <p>Absorption of carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for breaking down proteins in the small intestine?

    <p>Trypsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are monoglycerides and free fatty acids absorbed into the cells of the small intestine?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of macromolecules in digestion?

    <p>Peptidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to lipids after they are absorbed into the cells of the small intestine?

    <p>They are reformed into triglycerides within the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is crucial in breaking down lipids in the small intestine?

    <p>Lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pancreatic enzyme saccharidase?

    <p>Digest carbohydrates and polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are monosaccharides and amino acids absorbed by intestinal cells?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of Hb A2 in adult hemoglobin?

    <p>1.5-3.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of phagocytic macrophages in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes?

    <p>To break down RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the PO2 at which hemoglobin is approximately 78% saturated with oxygen?

    <p>40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased metabolic demand on hemoglobin's oxygen affinity?

    <p>It decreases hemoglobin's oxygen affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of platelets in circulation?

    <p>9 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of granules in granulocytes?

    <p>To kill microorganisms and catabolize debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of neutrophils among total white blood cells?

    <p>60-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of mature neutrophils?

    <p>4-5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of thrombopoietin (TPO)?

    <p>To stimulate platelet synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of leukocytes?

    <p>To defend against microorganisms and remove debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of albumin in the blood?

    <p>Maintenance of colloidal osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of blood as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Synthesis of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells produce immunoglobulins in the blood?

    <p>Plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma proteins?

    <p>Synthesis of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fibrinogen in the blood?

    <p>Clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the blood, which protein plays a vital role in regulating the passage of water and solutes through capillaries?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components creates oncotic pressure in the vasculature?

    <p>Plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of clotting factors in the blood?

    <p>Clot formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood is responsible for binding and carrying molecules like iron, copper, and vitamins?

    <p>Plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of most plasma proteins in the blood?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone or growth factor increases red blood cell (RBC) production?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of hematopoietic stem cells in adults?

    <p>Bone Marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood undergoes differentiation to produce granulocytes and monocytes?

    <p>Myeloid precursors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of mature red blood cells (RBCs)?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is an important cofactor for the development of red blood cells?

    <p>Vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protein in red blood cells is responsible for transporting carbon dioxide (CO2)?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ releases Erythropoietin (EPO) when it senses low oxygen levels?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do lymphopoietic stem cells become Pro NK and Pro T cells before migrating to differentiate into NK cells and T cells?

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone marrow is characterized by being inactive with a large amount of fat?

    <p>Yellow Marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a tetramer in hemoglobin with respect to oxygen?

    <p>Reversibly bind one oxygen molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells contains granules that have toxic chemicals to destroy parasites and viruses?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells differentiate in the thymus and are critical for cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>T-Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections?

    <p>T-Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which white blood cells can transform into macrophages and travel to sites of inflammation?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What deficiency puts the body at high risk for atypical infections, especially from fungi?

    <p>Neutropenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocytes originate from lymphoid stem cells and have a kidney-shaped nucleus?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells contain granules that stain blue with basic dye and contain histamine?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common agranulocyte and makes up 30% of total leukocytes?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocytes are characterized by high numbers during Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions and asthma?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are similar to mast cells and are involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of von Willebrand factor in hemostasis?

    <p>To act as a carrier protein for Factor VIII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of platelet activation during hemostasis?

    <p>Formation of a platelet plug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of endothelium in normal conditions?

    <p>To suppress spontaneous activation of platelets and the clotting system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final step in the process of hemostasis?

    <p>Fibrinolysis and the beginning of the healing process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of endothelial damage during hemostasis?

    <p>Vasoconstriction and exposure of subendothelial matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) in hemostasis?

    <p>To bind to von Willebrand factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tissue factor in hemostasis?

    <p>To activate the clotting system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of platelet adhesion during hemostasis?

    <p>Formation of a platelet plug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fibrin in hemostasis?

    <p>To form a clot that reinforces the platelet plug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of thromboxane A2 during hemostasis?

    <p>To cause vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the production of thromboxane A2 by platelets?

    <p>Degranulation of platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor in the Common Pathway of the Clotting Cascade converts prothrombin into thrombin?

    <p>Factor X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Antithrombin III in hemostasis?

    <p>Inhibiting thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme activates plasminogen into plasmin in the lysis of blood clots?

    <p>Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deficiency does NOT result in prolonged bleeding according to the text?

    <p>Factor XII deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates Protein C and S in the presence of the thrombomodulin/thrombin complex?

    <p>Thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Warfarin (coumadin) in hemostasis?

    <p>Decreasing thrombin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common function of Protein C and S in hemostasis?

    <p>Inactivating clotting factors Va and VIIIa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the intrinsic pathway of the Clotting Cascade, what leads to the activation of Factor XII?

    <p>Contact with subendothelial collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which isoform converts arachidonic acid to thromboxane A2 in platelets?

    <p>COX-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of microcytic-hypochromic anemia?

    <p>Iron deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anemia is caused by a problem with RBC maturation from precursor cells?

    <p>Macrocytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of acute blood loss on EPO production?

    <p>Increased EPO production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of chronic blood loss if it exceeds the replacement capacity of the bone marrow?

    <p>Anemia only occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of decreased RBC production in the bone marrow?

    <p>Aplastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of anemia due to increased RBC destruction?

    <p>Increased RBC destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of ineffective erythropoiesis?

    <p>Macrocytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of normocytic-normochromic anemia?

    <p>Blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of chronic blood loss on iron levels?

    <p>Decreased iron levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of anemia due to blood loss?

    <p>Loss of red cells out of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Hemoglobin A and Hemoglobin A2?

    <p>Hemoglobin A has two alpha and two beta chains, whereas Hemoglobin A2 has two alpha and two delta chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Anemia of Chronic Disease?

    <p>Decreased erythropoiesis and impaired iron utilization in people with chronic systemic disease or inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of having four beta chains joined together in a hemoglobin molecule?

    <p>Hemoglobin H, which is a pathologic hemoglobin variant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Polycythemia Vera?

    <p>Genetic mutation that leads to the proliferation of erythroid precursor cells in the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytochrome b5 reductase in the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway?

    <p>To convert Fe+3 to Fe+2 in hemoglobin molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of having four gamma chains joined together in a hemoglobin molecule?

    <p>Hemoglobin Barts, which is a fetal hemoglobin variant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Iron Deficiency Anemia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of Thalassemia?

    <p>An absence of alpha globin chains in hemoglobin molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of having Hemoglobin with Fe+3 instead of Fe+2?

    <p>The hemoglobin molecule cannot bind to oxygen at all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Methemoglobinemia?

    <p>A genetic mutation that stabilizes iron in the Fe+3 form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of fuel for red blood cells?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway converts glucose to pyruvate in red blood cells?

    <p>Hexose Monophosphate Shunt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic basis of G6PD Deficiency?

    <p>X-Linked Recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stimulus can trigger significant damage to red blood cells in those with G6PD Deficiency?

    <p>Infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt take place in red blood cells?

    <p>To generate NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of G6PD Deficiency?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common trigger of significant symptoms in those with G6PD Deficiency?

    <p>Viral Infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Methemoglobinemia?

    <p>Hyperthermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt in red blood cells?

    <p>Generate NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of lack of NADH in red blood cells with G6PD Deficiency under oxidative stress?

    <p>Hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bile salts in the digestive process?

    <p>Creating emulsification of fats for absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of bile salts from the gallbladder into the duodenum?

    <p>Entry of fatty acids and amino acids into the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of creating micelles in the digestive process?

    <p>Facilitate the absorption of fats by increasing surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do triglycerides get reassembled into their original form after absorption into the small intestine cells?

    <p>Ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of triglycerides once they are exocytosed from the cells into the lymphatic channel?

    <p>Directly enter the thoracic duct near the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of bile salts in the digestion and absorption of fats?

    <p>Aiding in the emulsification of fats for absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the viral structure of hepatitis A virus (HAV)?

    <p>Linear, single-stranded RNA in a protein coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibody is diagnostic evidence of recent hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of the disease does hepatitis A virus (HAV) typically cause liver cell damage?

    <p>Icteric phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) among sexual workers?

    <p>Sexual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body fluid has the highest concentration of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)?

    <p>Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) that hinders the host immune system's response?

    <p>Release of immunogenic decoy particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hepatic portal system in the liver?

    <p>Mixing nutrient-rich and oxygen-poor blood from the gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of sinusoids in the liver lobules?

    <p>Functioning as the capillaries of the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which zone of the liver lobules do hepatocytes specialize in glycolysis and lipogenesis?

    <p>Zone III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the role of a bile canaliculus in the liver?

    <p>Diluted intercellular spaces between hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of liver sinusoids in relation to blood flow?

    <p>Allowing significant flow of larger molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a bile canaliculus from a duct in the liver?

    <p>Intercellular space vs. hollow tubular structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of conjugated bilirubin in the body?

    <p>Turns feces brown upon excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the liver convert unsoluble bilirubin into conjugated bilirubin?

    <p>To make it water-soluble for excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to unconjugated bilirubin after binding to albumin in the bloodstream?

    <p>Travels to the liver for conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is biliverdin produced in the breakdown of hemoglobin?

    <p>By separation of globin from heme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is bilirubin considered a bad thing in the body?

    <p>When it is constantly being created in large amounts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the passive process of reabsorption of bile salts in the colon important?

    <p>To facilitate the recycling of bile salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major functions of the liver described in the text?

    <p>Creation and secretion of bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the absorbed nutrients go first upon arriving in the body?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessel carries absorbed nutrients to the liver for processing?

    <p>Hepatic portal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apart from filtering, what is another function of the liver mentioned in the text?

    <p>Synthesis of plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the blood go after traveling through the Hepatic Veins?

    <p>Superior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the liver serve as before nutrients enter the general circulation?

    <p>A processing site for absorbed nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of HBeAg in Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>Reflects active replication of the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of anti-HBs Ab’s in Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>Documents recovery and/or immunity to HBV infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexually transmitted infection is most commonly transmitted through sharing injection equipment and in healthcare settings?

    <p>Hepatitis C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of developing cirrhosis of the liver within 20 years for people with chronic HCV infection?

    <p>15–30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the primary cause of Cirrhosis?

    <p>Chronic alcohol abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary diagnostic test for assessing the degree of liver damage in patients with chronic Hepatitis C infection?

    <p>Liver biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is chronic Hepatitis C diagnosed after testing positive for anti-HCV antibodies?

    <p>Nucleic acid test for HCV RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cirrhosis of the liver result from?

    <p>Chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes capillary hydrostatic pressure to exceed capillary osmotic pressure in the context of Cirrhosis?

    <p>Reduced serum albumin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of anti-HBe in Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>Confirms immunity to HBV</p> Signup and view all the answers

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