Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of secondary metabolism in plants?
What is the main purpose of secondary metabolism in plants?
Which molecule is a precursor in the Shikimate pathway?
Which molecule is a precursor in the Shikimate pathway?
Which product is formed at the end of the Mevalonate pathway?
Which product is formed at the end of the Mevalonate pathway?
Which of the following pathways produces fatty acids?
Which of the following pathways produces fatty acids?
Signup and view all the answers
Which compound is generated directly from the combination of Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA in the Acetate - Malonate pathway?
Which compound is generated directly from the combination of Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA in the Acetate - Malonate pathway?
Signup and view all the answers
In which pathway does the synthesis of cholesterol occur?
In which pathway does the synthesis of cholesterol occur?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the first product formed in the Shikimate pathway?
What is the first product formed in the Shikimate pathway?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of compounds are produced by the Mevalonate pathway?
What type of compounds are produced by the Mevalonate pathway?
Signup and view all the answers
Which compound is produced directly from Shikimate in the Shikimate pathway?
Which compound is produced directly from Shikimate in the Shikimate pathway?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the end product of the Acetate - Malonate pathway?
What is the end product of the Acetate - Malonate pathway?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component of the Mevalonate pathway leads directly to the synthesis of steroid hormones?
Which component of the Mevalonate pathway leads directly to the synthesis of steroid hormones?
Signup and view all the answers
Among the terpenoids, which one is classified as a triterpenoid?
Among the terpenoids, which one is classified as a triterpenoid?
Signup and view all the answers
In the Cholesterol pathway, which compound is synthesized from Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP)?
In the Cholesterol pathway, which compound is synthesized from Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a precursor in the Mevalonate pathway?
Which of the following is a precursor in the Mevalonate pathway?
Signup and view all the answers
At which stage does the synthesis of terpenoids from the Mevalonate pathway primarily occur?
At which stage does the synthesis of terpenoids from the Mevalonate pathway primarily occur?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the final compound produced in the Shikimate pathway before chorismate?
What is the final compound produced in the Shikimate pathway before chorismate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which compound combines with Malonyl-CoA in the Acetate - Malonate pathway to form Acetoacetyl-CoA?
Which compound combines with Malonyl-CoA in the Acetate - Malonate pathway to form Acetoacetyl-CoA?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the precursor for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in the Shikimate pathway?
What is the precursor for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in the Shikimate pathway?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is not a product of the Shikimate pathway?
Which of the following is not a product of the Shikimate pathway?
Signup and view all the answers
Terpenoids are classified based solely on their carbon number.
Terpenoids are classified based solely on their carbon number.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the initial product formed when Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA combine in the Acetate - Malonate pathway?
What is the initial product formed when Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA combine in the Acetate - Malonate pathway?
Signup and view all the answers
The final product of the Shikimate pathway is _____ after the formation of chorismate.
The final product of the Shikimate pathway is _____ after the formation of chorismate.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following terpenoids with their respective classifications:
Match the following terpenoids with their respective classifications:
Signup and view all the answers
Which precursors are involved in the Mevalonate pathway?
Which precursors are involved in the Mevalonate pathway?
Signup and view all the answers
Farnesyl pyrophosphate is an end product of the Mevalonate pathway.
Farnesyl pyrophosphate is an end product of the Mevalonate pathway.
Signup and view all the answers
Cholesterol and its derivatives, such as _____, are produced in the Cholesterol pathway.
Cholesterol and its derivatives, such as _____, are produced in the Cholesterol pathway.
Signup and view all the answers
What chemical process connects Acetyl-CoA to Isopentenyl pyrophosphate in the Mevalonate pathway?
What chemical process connects Acetyl-CoA to Isopentenyl pyrophosphate in the Mevalonate pathway?
Signup and view all the answers
Which compound is a product of the Acetate - Malonate pathway?
Which compound is a product of the Acetate - Malonate pathway?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Metabolism Overview
- Primary metabolism focuses on processes directly related to growth and development, including photosynthesis and respiration.
- Secondary metabolism involves the production of organic compounds not directly involved in growth. These compounds often serve specific functions such as defense, attraction, or communication.
The Shikimate Pathway
- The Shikimate pathway produces aromatic amino acids (L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine) which are essential for protein synthesis, hormone production, and other critical biological processes.
- The pathway starts with erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate and proceeds through a series of enzymatic reactions to produce chorismate.
- Chorismate serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of various aromatic compounds.
The Acetate - Malonate Pathway
- The Acetate - Malonate pathway, also known as fatty acid biosynthesis, utilizes acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA as building blocks to produce fatty acids, which are essential components of cell membranes and energy storage.
- Successive additions of two-carbon units from malonyl-CoA to an initial acetyl-CoA molecule lead to the elongation of the fatty acid chain.
- This pathway plays a vital role in energy storage and providing the building blocks for cell membranes.
The Mevalonate Pathway
- The Mevalonate pathway is a key route for the production of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), the basic building block for terpenoids and steroids.
- It begins with the condensation of acetyl-CoA and ends with the production of IPP.
- Terpenoids, a diverse group of natural products, are classified based on their number of isoprene units, with examples ranging from hemiterpenoids (C5) to tetraterpenoids (C40).
- This pathway plays a significant role in plant defense, pigmentation, and hormone production.
The Cholesterol Pathway
- The Cholesterol pathway starts with the same initial steps as the mevalonate pathway.
- After IPP production, the pathway uses IPP to synthesize cholesterol, which is a critical component of cell membranes and a precursor for a wide range of biologically essential molecules.
- Key intermediates in the pathway include farnesyl pyrophosphate and squalene.
- The pathway also produces steroid hormones like testosterone and estradiol, as well as vitamin D and bile acids.
Overview
- Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes in living organisms.
- Primary metabolism directly supports growth and development. Photosynthesis and respiration are examples.
- Secondary metabolism produces organic compounds not directly involved in growth, such as alkaloids and terpenoids.
The Shikimate Pathway
- The Shikimate pathway synthesizes aromatic amino acids from precursors erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate.
- The aromatic amino acids produced are L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, and L-phenylalanine.
- The pathway involves a series of seven reactions that convert precursors into chorismate.
The Acetate - Malonate Pathway
- The Acetate - Malonate pathway uses Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA to build fatty acids.
- The pathway proceeds through a series of reactions that lengthen the fatty acid chain by two carbon units with each cycle.
The Mevalonate Pathway
- The Mevalonate pathway begins with Acetyl-CoA and produces Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), terpenoids, and steroids.
- The pathway involves several reactions that convert Acetyl-CoA into IPP.
- IPP is used to build terpenoids, which are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain.
The Cholesterol Pathway
- The Cholesterol pathway uses Acetyl-CoA to synthesize cholesterol, steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids.
- The pathway starts with the same initial steps as the Mevalonate pathway.
- It proceeds through a series of reactions that convert Acetyl-CoA into IPP, then IPP into Farnesyl pyrophosphate, and finally Farnesyl pyrophosphate into Squalene, from which cholesterol is synthesized.
Metabolism Overview
- Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes that occur within a living organism to sustain life.
- Primary metabolism involves reactions directly essential for growth and development, like photosynthesis and respiration.
- Secondary metabolism produces organic compounds with various functions, like alkaloids and terpenoids, not directly involved in growth.
The Shikimate Pathway
- Precursors: Erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate
- Products: Aromatic amino acids: L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine.
- Steps: This pathway involves a series of enzymatic reactions, starting with the combination of erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate to form 3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate.
- This intermediate goes through several steps, eventually leading to the formation of chorismate, which is then used to synthesize the aromatic amino acids.
The Acetate - Malonate Pathway
- Precursors: Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA
- Products: Fatty acids.
- Steps: The pathway begins with the condensation of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to form acetoacetyl-CoA. This process is repeated, extending the fatty acid chain with each cycle, ultimately leading to the formation of palmitic acid, a saturated fatty acid with 16 carbon atoms.
The Mevalonate Pathway
- Precursors: Acetyl-CoA
- Products: Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), terpenoids, steroids.
- Steps: Begins with the combination of two Acetyl-CoA molecules to form acetoacetyl-CoA, and then the acetoacetyl-CoA combines with another Acetyl-CoA to form β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA. This is reduced to Mevalonic acid, which is then converted to Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP).
- IPP is the building block for terpenoids, a diverse class of organic compounds found in plants.
-
Terpenoids are classified by the number of isoprene units:
- Hemiterpenoids: C5
- Monoterpenoids: C10
- Sesquiterpenoids: C15
- Diterpenoids: C20
- Triterpenoids: C30
- Tetraterpenoids: C40
The Cholesterol Pathway
- Precursors: Acetyl-CoA
- Products: Cholesterol, steroid hormones (e.g., testosterone, estradiol), vitamin D, and bile acids.
- Steps: Starts similarly to the mevalonate pathway, forming mevalonic acid and then IPP. IPP is used to synthesize farnesyl pyrophosphate, a precursor to squalene.
- Squalene is a key intermediate; undergoes cyclization and further modifications to produce cholesterol, which is the precursor for steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers key concepts in metabolism, including primary and secondary metabolism, and detailed pathways such as the Shikimate and Acetate-Malonate pathways. Understand the biochemical processes involved in the production of essential amino acids and fatty acids that are crucial for growth and development.
