Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the liver during the post-absorptive state?
What is the primary function of the liver during the post-absorptive state?
- To convert pyruvate into fatty acids
- To release ketone bodies into the bloodstream
- To convert glycogen stores to glucose (correct)
- To metabolize amino acids for muscle repair
Which metabolic process involves the conversion of glycogen to glucose?
Which metabolic process involves the conversion of glycogen to glucose?
- Glycogenolysis (correct)
- Cellular respiration
- Beta-oxidation
- Gluconeogenesis
What alternate energy source can neurons use when glucose is scarce?
What alternate energy source can neurons use when glucose is scarce?
- Fatty acids
- Lactate
- Amino acids
- Ketone bodies (correct)
What happens to muscle glycogen stores during the post-absorptive state?
What happens to muscle glycogen stores during the post-absorptive state?
Which cells are primarily responsible for regulating metabolic states through peptide hormones?
Which cells are primarily responsible for regulating metabolic states through peptide hormones?
What metabolic process allows muscle fibers to supply glucose precursors to the liver?
What metabolic process allows muscle fibers to supply glucose precursors to the liver?
What is the role of adipose tissue during the post-absorptive state?
What is the role of adipose tissue during the post-absorptive state?
Which hormone is secreted by the α cells of the pancreas?
Which hormone is secreted by the α cells of the pancreas?
What primarily stimulates the secretion of insulin in the body?
What primarily stimulates the secretion of insulin in the body?
What effect does glucagon have on the liver during the post-absorptive state?
What effect does glucagon have on the liver during the post-absorptive state?
During the absorptive state, which cells are primarily affected by insulin?
During the absorptive state, which cells are primarily affected by insulin?
What happens to glucagon levels after nutrient absorption?
What happens to glucagon levels after nutrient absorption?
What primarily leads to the shift to the post-absorptive metabolic state?
What primarily leads to the shift to the post-absorptive metabolic state?
What is the primary source of energy for the body's metabolism?
What is the primary source of energy for the body's metabolism?
What are the two main parts of aerobic metabolism?
What are the two main parts of aerobic metabolism?
During which metabolic state do cells rely on the metabolism of absorbed nutrients?
During which metabolic state do cells rely on the metabolism of absorbed nutrients?
What is pyruvate converted into during cellular respiration?
What is pyruvate converted into during cellular respiration?
Which of the following storage molecules is primarily used for glucose storage in the body?
Which of the following storage molecules is primarily used for glucose storage in the body?
What occurs during the post-absorptive state?
What occurs during the post-absorptive state?
Which nutrient provides the primary energy source for aerobic metabolism?
Which nutrient provides the primary energy source for aerobic metabolism?
What is the primary goal of metabolism during the absorptive state?
What is the primary goal of metabolism during the absorptive state?
Flashcards
Metabolism
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Aerobic Metabolism
Aerobic Metabolism
The main way the body converts nutrients into energy (ATP).
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
Part of aerobic metabolism that breaks down glucose (a sugar).
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
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Absorptive State
Absorptive State
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Post-absorptive State
Post-absorptive State
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Energy Source (Cells)
Energy Source (Cells)
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ATP
ATP
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What stimulates insulin secretion?
What stimulates insulin secretion?
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What does insulin do to the body?
What does insulin do to the body?
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What happens to glucagon levels after a meal?
What happens to glucagon levels after a meal?
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What happens to insulin and glucagon levels between meals?
What happens to insulin and glucagon levels between meals?
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What is the primary target of glucagon?
What is the primary target of glucagon?
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Neuron Fuel
Neuron Fuel
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Post-Absorptive State Goal
Post-Absorptive State Goal
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Liver's Role
Liver's Role
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Glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis
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Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
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Muscle's Role
Muscle's Role
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Fat Breakdown
Fat Breakdown
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Ketone Bodies
Ketone Bodies
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Study Notes
Metabolism Overview
- Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body, essential for maintaining living tissue.
- Energy is obtained from nutrient molecules (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids).
- Aerobic metabolism converts nutrients into ATP (energy). This happens through glycolysis and cellular respiration.
- Glycolysis and cellular respiration produce ATP.
Nutrient Sources and Metabolic States
- Cells obtain nutrients from two sources: digested food, and stored glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins.
- Short-term metabolic states:
- Absorptive state (fed state): Body uses absorbed nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) for energy.
- Post-absorptive state (fasted state): Body breaks down stored glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins for energy when nutrients are not available.
Nutrient Use in Metabolic States
- Absorptive state: Goal is to use absorbed nutrients as energy.
- Post-absorptive state: Goal is maintaining blood glucose for neurons.
Specific Nutrient Roles and Processes
- Glucose: Primary fuel for neurons, and all cells use it. Cells obtain glucose for energy.
- Glycogen: Storage form of glucose in liver and muscle cells.
- Triglycerides: Storage form of fatty acids in adipose cells.
- Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of glycogen to glucose. Mainly occurs in liver.
- Gluconeogenesis: Conversion of non-carbohydrate precursors (like amino acids) to glucose. Happens in the liver.
- Ketogenesis: Formation of ketone bodies from fatty acids. Occurs in the liver to provide alternative energy source for neurons during starvation.
- B-oxidation: Process of converting fatty acids into acetyl-CoA to enter the citric acid cycle.
Regulation of Metabolism
- The endocrine system, mainly insulin and glucagon, control metabolic state.
- Insulin: Released when blood glucose rises, promotes the absorptive state.
- Glucagon: Released when blood glucose falls, promotes the post-absorptive state, driving glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose.
- Body shifts between these states based on the availability of digested nutrients and blood glucose levels.
- Muscle fibers can convert glucose to pyruvate/lactate which the liver can then use for processing.
- Muscle fibers use amino acids from protein breakdown during post-absorptive state to convert into pyruvate for cellular respiration.
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