Podcast
Questions and Answers
Considering the allosteric regulation of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), which of the following scenarios would MOST significantly impede glycolytic flux in a well-fed, resting muscle cell?
Considering the allosteric regulation of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), which of the following scenarios would MOST significantly impede glycolytic flux in a well-fed, resting muscle cell?
- A decrease in pH due to lactate accumulation, enhancing substrate binding affinity.
- Increased levels of ATP and citrate, indicating high energy charge and citric acid cycle intermediates. (correct)
- Elevated levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate signaling increased insulin sensitivity.
- A sudden surge in AMP concentration due to strenuous exercise.
In the context of erythrocytes relying solely on glycolysis for ATP production, what would be the MOST immediate metabolic consequence of a genetic defect causing a complete loss of function of bisphosphoglycerate mutase?
In the context of erythrocytes relying solely on glycolysis for ATP production, what would be the MOST immediate metabolic consequence of a genetic defect causing a complete loss of function of bisphosphoglycerate mutase?
- An increased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, impairing oxygen delivery to tissues.
- A decrease in the rate of glycolysis due to feedback inhibition by accumulated 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. (correct)
- A shift towards increased ATP production, compensating for the loss of the Rapoport-Luebering cycle.
- A buildup of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, leading to enhanced oxygen release from hemoglobin.
If a researcher discovers a novel allosteric inhibitor that specifically targets pyruvate kinase in liver cells, what would be the MOST likely outcome regarding blood glucose levels and gluconeogenesis?
If a researcher discovers a novel allosteric inhibitor that specifically targets pyruvate kinase in liver cells, what would be the MOST likely outcome regarding blood glucose levels and gluconeogenesis?
- A rapid depletion of liver glycogen stores as the cells attempt to overcome the pyruvate kinase inhibition.
- No significant change in blood glucose levels as other regulatory mechanisms compensate for the pyruvate kinase inhibition.
- A decrease in blood glucose levels due to increased flux through glycolysis in the liver.
- An increase in blood glucose levels as gluconeogenesis is upregulated to compensate for reduced glycolysis. (correct)
Consider a scenario where a genetic mutation results in a constitutively active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK). What long-term metabolic adaptations would be MOST expected in skeletal muscle cells?
Consider a scenario where a genetic mutation results in a constitutively active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK). What long-term metabolic adaptations would be MOST expected in skeletal muscle cells?
Which of the following scenarios would MOST directly lead to an accumulation of citrate in the mitochondrial matrix, subsequently affecting glycolytic flux?
Which of the following scenarios would MOST directly lead to an accumulation of citrate in the mitochondrial matrix, subsequently affecting glycolytic flux?
If a researcher introduces a non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP into a liver cell undergoing gluconeogenesis, how would this MOST directly affect the regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)?
If a researcher introduces a non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP into a liver cell undergoing gluconeogenesis, how would this MOST directly affect the regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)?
In a hepatocyte, what would be the MOST immediate consequence of a pharmacological intervention that completely blocks the malate-aspartate shuttle?
In a hepatocyte, what would be the MOST immediate consequence of a pharmacological intervention that completely blocks the malate-aspartate shuttle?
Considering the role of the Cori cycle, what would be the MOST DIRECT metabolic consequence of a complete deficiency in hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase?
Considering the role of the Cori cycle, what would be the MOST DIRECT metabolic consequence of a complete deficiency in hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase?
If a researcher discovers a bacterial toxin that specifically and irreversibly inhibits the enzyme enolase, what would be the MOST immediate consequence on cellular metabolism in a eukaryotic cell?
If a researcher discovers a bacterial toxin that specifically and irreversibly inhibits the enzyme enolase, what would be the MOST immediate consequence on cellular metabolism in a eukaryotic cell?
In a scenario where a patient has a rare genetic defect causing a complete loss of function of the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase, what compensatory mechanism would be MOST crucial for maintaining ATP production in skeletal muscle during intense anaerobic exercise?
In a scenario where a patient has a rare genetic defect causing a complete loss of function of the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase, what compensatory mechanism would be MOST crucial for maintaining ATP production in skeletal muscle during intense anaerobic exercise?
What would be the MOST immediate effect on the citric acid cycle if a potent inhibitor of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-dependent enzymes is introduced into a cell?
What would be the MOST immediate effect on the citric acid cycle if a potent inhibitor of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-dependent enzymes is introduced into a cell?
Considering the intricate regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH), which of the following hormonal scenarios would MOST effectively stimulate its activity in a well-fed individual?
Considering the intricate regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH), which of the following hormonal scenarios would MOST effectively stimulate its activity in a well-fed individual?
In the context of the citric acid cycle, if a cell is treated with a drug that selectively inhibits succinate dehydrogenase, what compensatory metabolic adjustment would MOST likely occur to maintain ATP production?
In the context of the citric acid cycle, if a cell is treated with a drug that selectively inhibits succinate dehydrogenase, what compensatory metabolic adjustment would MOST likely occur to maintain ATP production?
Suppose a rare genetic mutation results in a form of citrate synthase that is insensitive to ATP inhibition, what long-term metabolic consequences would be MOST likely observed?
Suppose a rare genetic mutation results in a form of citrate synthase that is insensitive to ATP inhibition, what long-term metabolic consequences would be MOST likely observed?
What would be the MOST significant consequence of a genetic defect causing a complete loss of function of malate dehydrogenase in the mitochondrial matrix?
What would be the MOST significant consequence of a genetic defect causing a complete loss of function of malate dehydrogenase in the mitochondrial matrix?
If a researcher discovers a novel compound that specifically inhibits the transport of pyruvate into the mitochondria, what would be the MOST immediate effect on glucose metabolism under aerobic conditions?
If a researcher discovers a novel compound that specifically inhibits the transport of pyruvate into the mitochondria, what would be the MOST immediate effect on glucose metabolism under aerobic conditions?
In the context of anaplerotic reactions, what would be the MOST direct consequence of a deficiency in pyruvate carboxylase in liver cells?
In the context of anaplerotic reactions, what would be the MOST direct consequence of a deficiency in pyruvate carboxylase in liver cells?
What would be the MOST significant metabolic adaptation in a cell forced to rely solely on glutamine as its primary carbon source due to a genetic defect preventing glucose uptake?
What would be the MOST significant metabolic adaptation in a cell forced to rely solely on glutamine as its primary carbon source due to a genetic defect preventing glucose uptake?
In a scenario where a researcher introduces a mutant form of hexokinase that has a significantly reduced affinity for glucose but an increased affinity for ATP, what would be the MOST likely consequence on glucose metabolism in a muscle cell?
In a scenario where a researcher introduces a mutant form of hexokinase that has a significantly reduced affinity for glucose but an increased affinity for ATP, what would be the MOST likely consequence on glucose metabolism in a muscle cell?
Considering the role of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-BP) in regulating glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, what would be the MOST immediate metabolic consequence of a mutation that results in a constitutively active phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2) in liver cells?
Considering the role of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-BP) in regulating glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, what would be the MOST immediate metabolic consequence of a mutation that results in a constitutively active phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2) in liver cells?
What would be the MOST significant effect on carbohydrate metabolism in a cell treated with a potent inhibitor of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase?
What would be the MOST significant effect on carbohydrate metabolism in a cell treated with a potent inhibitor of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase?
If a cell is treated with a drug that specifically inhibits the glycerophosphate shuttle, what would be the MOST immediate effect on ATP production during aerobic respiration?
If a cell is treated with a drug that specifically inhibits the glycerophosphate shuttle, what would be the MOST immediate effect on ATP production during aerobic respiration?
What would be the MOST direct outcome of a genetic mutation causing a loss of function in the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase?
What would be the MOST direct outcome of a genetic mutation causing a loss of function in the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase?
If a researcher discovers a compound that specifically inhibits the enzyme aldolase, what would be the MOST immediate consequence on glycolysis?
If a researcher discovers a compound that specifically inhibits the enzyme aldolase, what would be the MOST immediate consequence on glycolysis?
What would be the MOST direct effect on the citric acid cycle of introducing a compound that inhibits the ATP synthase complex in the electron transport chain?
What would be the MOST direct effect on the citric acid cycle of introducing a compound that inhibits the ATP synthase complex in the electron transport chain?
If a patient has a genetic defect which results in near-total loss of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in skeletal muscle, what would you expect to be the MOST immediate consequence during intense anaerobic exercise?
If a patient has a genetic defect which results in near-total loss of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in skeletal muscle, what would you expect to be the MOST immediate consequence during intense anaerobic exercise?
What would be the MOST immediate effect of inhibiting the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase on glycolysis.
What would be the MOST immediate effect of inhibiting the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase on glycolysis.
What would be the MOST significant consequence of administering a drug that inhibits the enzyme fumarase?
What would be the MOST significant consequence of administering a drug that inhibits the enzyme fumarase?
What would be the MOST likely outcome if a researcher discovers a novel allosteric activator specifically for the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase?
What would be the MOST likely outcome if a researcher discovers a novel allosteric activator specifically for the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase?
What would be the MOST critical consequence of a genetic deficiency that completely disables the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase (TPI)?
What would be the MOST critical consequence of a genetic deficiency that completely disables the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase (TPI)?
Suppose a cell were treated with a drug that completely inhibits the enzyme ATP-citrate lyase. What would be the MOST likely effect on fatty acid synthesis?
Suppose a cell were treated with a drug that completely inhibits the enzyme ATP-citrate lyase. What would be the MOST likely effect on fatty acid synthesis?
If a patient lacks the enzyme carnitine acyltransferase I (CAT-1), what is the MOST immediate metabolic consequence?
If a patient lacks the enzyme carnitine acyltransferase I (CAT-1), what is the MOST immediate metabolic consequence?
What is the MOST direct metabolic consequence of a mutation that causes a loss of regulated expression and leads to an overexpression of the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in the liver?
What is the MOST direct metabolic consequence of a mutation that causes a loss of regulated expression and leads to an overexpression of the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in the liver?
Under anaerobic conditions, what is the MOST immediate reason that muscle cells must convert pyruvate to lactate?
Under anaerobic conditions, what is the MOST immediate reason that muscle cells must convert pyruvate to lactate?
If a researcher discovers a molecule that transports cytosolic NADH into the mitochondrial matrix by directly reducing ubiquinone without involving Complex I, what would be the MOST expected effect on ATP synthesis?
If a researcher discovers a molecule that transports cytosolic NADH into the mitochondrial matrix by directly reducing ubiquinone without involving Complex I, what would be the MOST expected effect on ATP synthesis?
If an organism had a mutation that resulted in it being unable to phosphorylate glucose, what would be the MOST likely direct result?
If an organism had a mutation that resulted in it being unable to phosphorylate glucose, what would be the MOST likely direct result?
What would be the MOST critical metabolic consequence of the total inhibition, via a drug, of the enzyme dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ?
What would be the MOST critical metabolic consequence of the total inhibition, via a drug, of the enzyme dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ?
Flashcards
Metabolismul
Metabolismul
Totalitatea reactiilor si proceselor care au loc in organisme. Include transformari chimice si energetice.
Catabolismul
Catabolismul
Totalitatea proceselor de degradare a constituentilor celulari in substante mai simple.
Anabolismul
Anabolismul
Totalitatea proceselor de sinteza.
Principalele surse de glucide
Principalele surse de glucide
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Glicoliza
Glicoliza
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Unde are loc glicoliza?
Unde are loc glicoliza?
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Care este scopul principal al glicolizei?
Care este scopul principal al glicolizei?
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Prima reactie in glicoliza
Prima reactie in glicoliza
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A doua reactie in glicoliza
A doua reactie in glicoliza
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Conversia Fructozo-6-fosfat
Conversia Fructozo-6-fosfat
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Transformarea Fructozo-1,6-bisfosfat
Transformarea Fructozo-1,6-bisfosfat
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Reactia cu G-3-P
Reactia cu G-3-P
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Transformarea 1,3-bisfosfogliceratului
Transformarea 1,3-bisfosfogliceratului
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Conversia 3-fosfogliceratului
Conversia 3-fosfogliceratului
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Formarea PEP din 2-fosfoglicerat
Formarea PEP din 2-fosfoglicerat
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Transformarea PEP in piruvat
Transformarea PEP in piruvat
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Piruvatul
Piruvatul
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Importanta glicolizei
Importanta glicolizei
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Decarboxilarea oxidativa a piruvatului
Decarboxilarea oxidativa a piruvatului
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Ce cai metabolice sunt interconectate prin reactiile catalizate de piruvat dehidrogenaza?
Ce cai metabolice sunt interconectate prin reactiile catalizate de piruvat dehidrogenaza?
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Ciclul Krebs
Ciclul Krebs
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Prima reactie ciclul Krebs
Prima reactie ciclul Krebs
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A doua reactie ciclul Krebs
A doua reactie ciclul Krebs
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Decarboxilarea izocitratului
Decarboxilarea izocitratului
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Decarboxilarea oxidativa a a-CG
Decarboxilarea oxidativa a a-CG
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- Transformarea Succinil-CoA
- Transformarea Succinil-CoA
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- Dehidrogenarea succinatului
- Dehidrogenarea succinatului
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- Hidratarea fumaratului
- Hidratarea fumaratului
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- Dehidrogenarea malatului
- Dehidrogenarea malatului
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Reacţii anaplerotice
Reacţii anaplerotice
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Exemplu de reacţii anaplerotice
Exemplu de reacţii anaplerotice
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Glicoliza aeroba
Glicoliza aeroba
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Energie obținuta din Glicoliza
Energie obținuta din Glicoliza
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Energie obținuta din Decarboxilarea oxidativă a piruvatului
Energie obținuta din Decarboxilarea oxidativă a piruvatului
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Energie obținuta din Ciclul Krebs
Energie obținuta din Ciclul Krebs
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Study Notes
- Metabolism is the totality of reactions and processes taking place in living organisms, including chemical and energetic transformations.
- Metabolism has two aspects: catabolism and anabolism.
Catabolism
- The totality of processes of degradation of cellular constituents into simpler substances.
Anabolism
- The totality of synthesis processes.
Digestion and Absorption of Glucides
- Main sources of glucides in food:
- Starch (bread, potato)
- Sucrose (sugar, sweets, fruits)
- Lactose (milk)
- Glucose, galactose, fructose, pentose (honey and fruits)
- Absorbable form: monosaccharide
Glycolysis
- The process of oxidizing glucose to lactate (anaerobic glycolysis) or pyruvate (aerobic glycolysis)
- Takes place in all cells in the cytosol.
- The main purpose is ATP synthesis
- Has two main stages:
Main stages of Glycolysis
- Conversion of glucose to triose phosphate, consumes 2 moles of ATP per glucose.
- Conversion of triose phosphate to pyruvate, synthesizes 4 moles of ATP per glucose.
Reactions in Glycolysis:
- Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, irreversible, using enzymes hexokinase, and Glc+ATP → Glucose-6-phosphate+ADP
- Isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, reversible, using enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase, and Glc-6-P ↔ Fru-6-P
- Conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, irreversible, Fru-6-P → Fru-1,6-P2
- Catalyzed by phosphofructokinase-1 (FFK-1)
- This step is the rate-limiting step as the first major control point of glycolysis
- FFK-1 is an allosteric enzyme controlled by numerous positive (AMP, ADP, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate) and negative (citrate, ATP) effectors and inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
- Allows the simultaneous execution of 2 antagonistic pathways (glycolysis and GNG) at different rates.
- The priority of a pathway is determined (fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is the key enzyme in GNG)
- Breakdown of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G-3-P), reversible.
- Catalyzed by aldolase (aldolase A)
- Isomerization of DHAP ↔ G-3-P
- Catalyzed by triose phosphate isomerase
- Oxidative phosphorylation of G-3-P to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, reversible.
- Using G-3-P+ NAD+ +Pi ↔ 1,3-BPG+NADH+H+
- Enzyme is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase-NAD+ - dependent
- Takes place in several stages
- In anaerobic conditions, NADH is reoxidized to NAD+ through the conversion of pyruvate to lactate to maintain the redox status of the cell
- A deviation from the glycolytic pathway of 1,3-BPG occurs in the erythrocyte, through the synthesis of 2,3 - BPG, an allosteric effector of Hb
- Transformation of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate into 3-phosphoglycerate, reversible.
- This is the first phosphorylation reaction at the substrate level in glycolysis: 1,3-BPG+ADP ↔ 3-phosphoglycerate+ATP
- ezima: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate kinase
- Conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate, reversible: 3-phosphoglycerate ↔ 2-phosphoglycerate
- Catalyzed by phosphoglycerate mutase
- Formation of PEP from 2-phosphoglycerate
- Enzyme is enolase, and the reaction is reversible: 2-phosphoglycerate ↔PEP
- Transformation of PEP into pyruvate
- Catalyzed by pyruvate kinase (PK), allosterically activated after glucide ingestion (inducible enzyme) and in the liver, by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
- Inhibited by ATP, acetyl-CoA, and is a irreversible and strongly exergonic reaction.
- Control point of glycolysis and the 2nd reaction of phosphorylation at the substrate level. PEP+ADP → Pyruvate+ATP
Pyruvate
- Key molecule of glycolysis
- The fate of pyruvate depends on intracellular conditions
- Under anaerobic conditions, lactate is reduced, using Piruvat+NADH+H+ → Lactat+NAD+
- The enzyme is LDH
- Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is oxidatively decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA, the form in which it is accepted into the Krebs cycle, and NADH is oxidized in the respiratory chain.
Importance of Glycolysis:
- It Synthesizes ATP (in the absence of oxygen)
- It has an anabolic role because some glycolytic intermediates are used in the biosynthesis of other compounds: alanine from 3-phosphoglycerate, glycerol from DHAP, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, sialic acid and glycoproteins from PEP, etc
Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate
- This is a mitochondrial, and irreversible process
- Catalyzed by the multienzymatic complex of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which includes 5 coenzymes and 3 enzymes
General Equation
- Pyruvate+CoASH+NAD+ → CO2+acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+
- NADH produced is oxidized in the respiratory chain generating 3 moles of ATP and avitaminosis B1
- Reactions catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase interconnect to 3 metabolic pathways: glycolysis, GNG and fatty acid biosynthesis
- The PDH complex is regulated covalently and allosterically.
Krebs Cycle
- This is an oxidative sequence of reactions by which the C atoms in acetyl – CoA are transformed into CO
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