Metabolism and Enzymes Quiz
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What is the primary purpose of enzymes in metabolism?

  • To alter the substrates
  • To create energy
  • To become part of the end products
  • To increase the rate of chemical reactions (correct)

    • Which statement best describes anabolism?

  • It is energy-releasing.
  • It breaks down macromolecules.
  • It builds up macromolecules. (correct)
  • It only occurs in the presence of oxygen.

    • What effect does denaturation have on enzymes?

  • It increases their catalytic activity.
  • It distorts the enzyme's shape and inhibits function. (correct)
  • It allows substrates to bind more easily.
  • It transforms them into coenzymes.

    • Which type of enzymes are present in constant amounts within a cell?

    <p>Constitutive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during glycolysis?

    <p>Glucose is oxidized into two molecules of pyruvic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs when oxygen is not required for glucose oxidation?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily generated in the Kreb's Cycle?

    <p>NADH and ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?

    <p>To eliminate the infectious agent without affecting the host's cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is known for its narrow spectrum of activity?

    <p>Penicillin G</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do polymyxins primarily exert their effect against bacteria?

    <p>By interacting with membrane phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is effective against gram-positive cells?

    <p>Daptomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of tetracyclines in antimicrobial therapy?

    <p>Binding to ribosomes to block protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mode of action for sulfonamides in treating bacterial infections?

    <p>Blocking synthesis of folic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of catabolic processes in cells?

    <p>To provide energy for complex building reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics disrupts nucleic acids by blocking RNA polymerase?

    <p>Rifampin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is essential for protein synthesis and membrane function?

    <p>Potassium $(K)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ivermectin is primarily used to treat which type of infection?

    <p>Round worm infections and lice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microbe obtains its carbon from organic forms?

    <p>Heterotroph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During beta oxidation, what do fatty acids get converted into that can enter the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses like HIV?

    <p>Reversing RNA to DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do MDR pumps play in bacterial resistance?

    <p>They export drugs out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to amino groups during the deamination process?

    <p>They are excreted as ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of infections involve biofilms?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is important for maintaining the structure of proteins?

    <p>Zinc $(Zn)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a major side effect of antimicrobial drugs?

    <p>Enhanced microbial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a chemotroph?

    <p>It derives energy from chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) refer to?

    <p>The smallest effective concentration to inhibit growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a hypertonic solution, what occurs to a bacterial cell?

    <p>Water diffuses out of the cell, causing it to shrink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Superinfection is characterized by which of the following?

    <p>An infection caused by overgrowth of drug-resistant organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could cause antimicrobial treatment to fail?

    <p>The pathogen is mixed with resistant strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of drugs that cause disruption of the body's microbiota?

    <p>They alter microbial balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the death phase in microbial growth?

    <p>There is a permanent loss of reproductive capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used for direct cell count in microbial analysis?

    <p>Flow cytometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of bacteriostatic agents?

    <p>They prevent the growth of bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes sanitization?

    <p>It cleanses to remove debris, soil, and toxins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of moist heat sterilization compared to dry heat?

    <p>It is more effective at lower temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of surfactants in microbial control?

    <p>They lower surface tension of cell membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes microbistasis?

    <p>It prevents microbial multiplication without killing microbes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is considered to have the highest resistance to decontamination?

    <p>Bacterial endospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thermal death time?

    <p>The time required to kill microbes at a specific temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of thermal death point?

    <p>The lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a sample in 10 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of pasteurization?

    <p>To kill potential agents of infection while retaining flavor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic applies to nonionizing radiation?

    <p>It raises atoms to a higher energy state without ionizing them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for alcohol in disinfecting?

    <p>Inactivates enveloped viruses more readily than nonenveloped ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes glutaraldehyde in its application?

    <p>It is labeled as a sterilant and high-level disinfectant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique property of ethylene oxide (ETO)?

    <p>It reacts with functional groups of DNA and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor reduces the activity of quaternary ammonium compounds?

    <p>Presence of organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 8 Notes

    • Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body needed for homeostasis.
    • Two types of metabolism exist:
      • Anabolism: building up of macromolecules for structural components and functions.
      • Catabolism: breaking down of macromolecules to produce energy.
    • Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
    • Enzymes are not consumed or altered in the process.
    • Cofactors assist enzymes, including coenzymes (often derived from vitamins).
    • Denaturation occurs when weak bonds maintaining an enzyme's shape are broken, and the enzyme loses its function.
    • Constitutive enzymes are present in constant amounts, while the concentration of regulated enzymes responds to substrate levels.
    • Enzyme synthesis can be controlled through induction or repression.
    • Energy is mainly stored as ATP.
    • Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions pair an electron donor with an acceptor, releasing and capturing energy.

    Chapter 8 Notes (continued)

    • Metabolism uses enzymes to break down organic molecules into precursor molecules that cells use to build more complex molecules.
    • Three main metabolic pathways are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the respiratory chain (electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation).
    • Aerobic respiration requires oxygen; anaerobic respiration uses other oxidized compounds; and fermentation does not require oxygen.
    • Glycolysis converts glucose into pyruvic acid, generating ATP and NADH.
    • Complex polysaccharides are broken into simple sugars that enter the glycolysis pathway.
    • Lipids are broken down by lipases into fatty acids, which are further processed into acetyl CoA to enter the Krebs cycle.
    • Proteins are broken down by proteases into amino acids, which then undergo deamination.
    • Catabolic processes provide energy for complex building reactions.

    Chapter 7 Notes

    • Bioelements (essential nutrients): elements necessary for living things.
    • Macronutrients: needed in large quantities for structure and metabolism (e.g., carbon, hydrogen, oxygen).
    • Micronutrients (trace elements): needed in small amounts for enzyme function and protein structure (e.g., potassium, magnesium, iron).
    • Organic nutrients contain carbon and hydrogen; inorganic nutrients do not.
    • Various elements play crucial roles in cell processes and transport.

    Chapter 7 Notes (continued)

    • Carbon sources:
      • Heterotrophs obtain carbon from organic sources.
      • Autotrophs use inorganic carbon dioxide (CO2).
    • Energy sources:
      • Phototrophs obtain energy from light.
      • Chemotrophs obtain energy from chemical compounds.
    • Microbial growth temperature:
      • Minimum temperature: lowest temperature for growth.
      • Maximum temperature: highest temperature for growth.
      • Optimum temperature: best temperature for fastest growth.
      • Psychrophiles thrive in cold temperatures; psychrotrophs can grow at refrigerator temperatures; mesophiles thrive in moderate temperatures; thermophiles thrive in high temperatures.
    • Factors affecting microbial growth:
      • Aerobes require oxygen; anaerobes do not; facultative anaerobes can use oxygen or not.
      • Microaerophiles require moderate oxygen levels.
      • Aerotolerant anaerobes do not use oxygen, but can survive in its presence.
      • Acidophiles prefer acidic environments; alkaliphiles prefer alkaline environments.
      • Osmophiles prefer high salt concentrations; halophiles require high salt concentrations; halotolerant/osmotolerant organisms can withstand some salt.
      • Biofilms: microbial communities attached to surfaces.

    Chapter 7 Notes (continued)

    • Bacterial growth:
      • Binary fission: one cell divides into two.
      • Generation time (doubling time): time for one cell to divide into two.
      • Growth curve: lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, death phase.
      • Methods for microbial counting: viable cell counts, direct counts.

    Chapter 11 Notes

    • Contamination: unwanted microbes in a place or time.
    • Decontamination methods: physical or chemical agents.
    • Microbial resistance levels: high, moderate, low.
    • Sterilization: complete elimination of all viable microbes, including spores.
    • Disinfection: destroying/removing pathogens on inanimate surfaces.
    • Antiseptics: disinfectants for living tissue.
    • Sanitization: reducing microbes to safe levels.
    • Mechanisms of microbial action: chemicals and physical agents.
    • Surfactants and their effect on microbes.

    Chapter 11 Notes (continued)

    • Halogens: effective disinfectants and antiseptics, including chlorine and iodine (most often used).
    • Alcohols: effective against vegetative forms of bacteria and viruses, but not spores.
    • Hydrogen peroxide: its germicidal effect is due to the formation of hydroxyl free radicals.
    • Glutaraldehyde: a strong alkylating agent that is effective against a broad spectrum of organisms.
    • Ethylene oxide (ETO): a strong alkylating agent that is used as a sterilant.
    • Quaternary ammonium compounds: disinfectants effective against a broad spectrum of organisms, but their activity is decreased by organic material.
    • Filtration: a physical method of removing microbes from air or liquids.

    Chapter 12 Notes

    • Antimicrobial chemotherapy goal: destroy infectious agent without harming host cells.
    • Antibiotics: substances from microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms.
    • Selective toxicity: effective against the infectious agent but not the host.
    • Cell walls: peptidoglycan protects bacteria and serves as a target for some antimicrobial drugs (like penicillin).
    • Antimicrobials affecting nucleic acids: blocking synthesis, replication, transcription and preventing normal maturation.
    • Antimicrobials affecting protein synthesis: interfering with ribosomes and the machinery of protein synthesis.
    • Drug resistance: some microbes develop resistance to antimicrobial drugs through various mechanisms, including mutations, drug pumps and adaptive responses.

    Chapter 12 Notes (continued)

    • Side effects of antimicrobial drugs:
      • Toxicity: direct damage to host tissues.
      • Allergic reactions: immune responses.
      • Disruption of normal microbiota: can lead to superinfections.
      • Methods of determining drug susceptibility: Kirby-Bauer technique and tube dilution tests, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
    • Factors contributing to antimicrobial treatment failure:
      • Resistant cells, multiple infecting pathogens, poor drug distribution to target areas.
    • Important considerations for effective treatment: considering optimal dosage, administration route and drug combination.

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    Chapter 8 Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the role of enzymes in metabolism, including anabolism and effects of denaturation. This quiz covers key concepts that are essential for understanding biochemical processes.

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