Metabolism and Energy: Understanding Cellular Processes

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of coupled reactions in metabolic pathways?

  • To Couple endergonic reactions with exergonic reactions (correct)
  • To generate ATP in catabolic reactions
  • To decrease the temperature of the system
  • To increase the entropy of the system

Which of the following factors would increase the likelihood of a spontaneous reaction?

  • Increasing the entropy of the system (correct)
  • Decreasing the enthalpy of the system
  • Decreasing the temperature of the system
  • Decreasing the free energy of the system

What is the role of coenzymes in metabolic processes?

  • To facilitate enzyme-substrate interactions (correct)
  • To increase the energy output of a reaction
  • To decrease the temperature of the system
  • To generate ATP in anabolic reactions

What is the significance of a negative ∆G value in a metabolic reaction?

<p>The reaction is exergonic and releases energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between ATP and metabolic reactions?

<p>ATP is generated in both anabolic and catabolic reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP in metabolic pathways?

<p>To generate energy for cellular utilization through hydrolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a coupled reaction in metabolic pathways?

<p>Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport Chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Gibbs' Free Energy in metabolism?

<p>It determines the spontaneity of a reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about enzymes in metabolic pathways?

<p>Enzymes decrease the activation energy required for a reaction to occur (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Citric Acid Cycle in cellular metabolism?

<p>To convert acetyl-CoA into ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP in linking catabolic and anabolic reactions?

<p>It connects the energy-producing reactions with the energy-requiring reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of coenzymes in metabolic pathways?

<p>To bind and carry high-energy electrons between compounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During an oxidation reaction, what occurs to the number of hydrogen atoms and electrons?

<p>Loss of hydrogen, loss of electrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of metabolism, what is the significance of Gibbs' Free Energy?

<p>It determines the spontaneous nature of catabolic reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of coupled reactions in metabolic pathways?

<p>The energy released from catabolic reactions is used to drive anabolic reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Coenzyme A in metabolic pathways?

<p>It is necessary for the breakdown of fatty acid molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP in catabolic and anabolic reactions?

<p>To provide energy for the breakdown of molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Metabolism

  • Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms and is the basis of all life processes.
  • Metabolic processes involve degradation, biosynthesis, energy generation, and other cellular activities.
  • Metabolic anabolism involves fatty acid biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, nucleotide biosynthesis, neurotransmitter biosynthesis, and gluconeogenesis.
  • There are 4 stages of metabolic catabolism: digestion, breakdown of complex biomolecules to small molecules, formation of Acetyl CoA, and citric acid cycle.

Coenzymes

  • Coenzymes are non-protein compounds necessary for enzyme-catalyzed reactions to occur.
  • Important coenzymes in metabolic pathways are CoA, NAD+, NADP+, and FAD.
  • Coenzymes are biologically redox agents that bind and carry high-energy electrons between compounds in cellular pathways.

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)

  • NAD+ is a coenzyme that plays a crucial role in redox reactions.
  • Its reactive part is the nicotinamide ring, which participates in metabolic pathways by accepting and donating electrons.
  • NAD+ exists in oxidized and reduced states, and its redox equation is: NAD+ + 2e- + 2H+ → NADH + H+

ATP and Energy Generation

  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy storage molecule that connects energy-producing reactions with energy-requiring reactions.
  • ATP hydrolysis reaction is exothermic, yielding energy for cellular utilization.
  • ATP plays a crucial role in catabolic and anabolic reactions, linking energy-producing reactions with energy-requiring reactions.

Gibbs' Free Energy

  • Metabolic reactions depend on free energy (G), which is affected by factors such as enthalpy (H), entropy (S), and temperature (T).
  • The equation for Gibbs' free energy is: ∆G = ∆H - T∆S.
  • Spontaneous reactions occur when ∆G < 0, while spontaneous backward reactions occur when ∆G > 0. Equilibrium is reached when ∆G = 0.

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