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Questions and Answers
What is the enzyme responsible for converting fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate?
What is the enzyme responsible for converting fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate?
- Phosphofructokinase-2
- Fructokinase
- Fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase (correct)
- Phosphofructokinase-1
What is the purpose of the reciprocal actions of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?
What is the purpose of the reciprocal actions of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?
- To prevent a futile cycle (correct)
- To increase ATP production
- To inhibit gluconeogenesis
- To activate glycolysis
What is the net result of the reciprocal actions of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate?
What is the net result of the reciprocal actions of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate?
- Prevention of a futile cycle (correct)
- Decreased glucose utilization
- Stimulation of glycogen synthesis
- Increased glucose production
What is the role of citrate in the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?
What is the role of citrate in the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?
What is the effect of high ATP levels on phosphofructokinase-1?
What is the effect of high ATP levels on phosphofructokinase-1?
What is the effect of high AMP levels on phosphofructokinase-1?
What is the effect of high AMP levels on phosphofructokinase-1?
What is the full form of GDP?
What is the full form of GDP?
What is the function of cAMP phosphodiesterase?
What is the function of cAMP phosphodiesterase?
What is the role of 5'-AMP in cellular signaling?
What is the role of 5'-AMP in cellular signaling?
What happens to the effects of neurotransmitter- or hormone-mediated increases of cAMP when the extracellular signal is removed?
What happens to the effects of neurotransmitter- or hormone-mediated increases of cAMP when the extracellular signal is removed?
What is the full form of cAMP?
What is the full form of cAMP?
What is the relationship between cAMP and GTP?
What is the relationship between cAMP and GTP?
What is the primary function of catabolic reactions?
What is the primary function of catabolic reactions?
What is the result of a pathway being blocked, for example, by a drug or an inherited deficiency of an enzyme?
What is the result of a pathway being blocked, for example, by a drug or an inherited deficiency of an enzyme?
What is the role of molecules in the diet or stored in cells in catabolic pathways?
What is the role of molecules in the diet or stored in cells in catabolic pathways?
What is the purpose of repeatedly featuring pathways in the major metabolic maps?
What is the purpose of repeatedly featuring pathways in the major metabolic maps?
What is the molecule that captures chemical energy in catabolic reactions?
What is the molecule that captures chemical energy in catabolic reactions?
What is the ultimate goal of energy generation by catabolic pathways?
What is the ultimate goal of energy generation by catabolic pathways?
What is the first oxidation-reduction reaction of glycolysis?
What is the first oxidation-reduction reaction of glycolysis?
What is the product of the first oxidation-reduction reaction of glycolysis?
What is the product of the first oxidation-reduction reaction of glycolysis?
Why is the reoxidation of NADH to NAD+ necessary?
Why is the reoxidation of NADH to NAD+ necessary?
What is the byproduct of the first oxidation-reduction reaction of glycolysis?
What is the byproduct of the first oxidation-reduction reaction of glycolysis?
What are the two major mechanisms for oxidizing NADH?
What are the two major mechanisms for oxidizing NADH?
What is the purpose of oxidizing NADH?
What is the purpose of oxidizing NADH?
What is the reactant of the first oxidation-reduction reaction of glycolysis?
What is the reactant of the first oxidation-reduction reaction of glycolysis?
What is the enzyme responsible for the first oxidation-reduction reaction of glycolysis?
What is the enzyme responsible for the first oxidation-reduction reaction of glycolysis?
What is the byproduct of the oxidation of the aldehyde group of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?
What is the byproduct of the oxidation of the aldehyde group of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?
What is the function of the high-energy phosphate group at carbon 1 of 1,3-BPG?
What is the function of the high-energy phosphate group at carbon 1 of 1,3-BPG?
What is the result of the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?
What is the result of the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?
What is the role of phosphatase in glycolysis?
What is the role of phosphatase in glycolysis?
What is the energy source for the synthesis of ATP in glycolysis?
What is the energy source for the synthesis of ATP in glycolysis?
What is the product of the reaction involving the attachment of Pi to the carboxyl group?
What is the product of the reaction involving the attachment of Pi to the carboxyl group?
What is the function of the mutation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?
What is the function of the mutation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?
What is the outcome of the coupling of the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate with the attachment of Pi to the carboxyl group?
What is the outcome of the coupling of the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate with the attachment of Pi to the carboxyl group?
Study Notes
Metabolic Intermediates and Pathways
- Metabolic pathways depict the effects of blocking a pathway (e.g., by a drug or inherited enzyme deficiency) on the flow of intermediates.
Catabolic Pathways
- Catabolic reactions capture chemical energy from the degradation of energy-rich fuel molecules, storing it in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
- Catabolism allows molecules in the diet (or nutrient molecules stored in cells) to be converted into building blocks needed for the synthesis of complex molecules.
Energy Generation
- Energy is generated by catabolic pathways, which break down energy-rich molecules to produce ATP.
Regulatory Mechanisms
- The effects of neurotransmitter- or hormone-mediated increases of cAMP are rapidly terminated when the extracellular signal is removed.
- Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate plays a key role in regulating glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, ensuring that both pathways are not fully active at the same time.
Glycolysis
- Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate.
- The conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) is the first oxidation-reduction reaction of glycolysis.
- The high-energy phosphate group at carbon 1 of 1,3-BPG conserves much of the free energy produced by the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
- The energy of this high-energy phosphate drives the synthesis of ATP in the next reaction of glycolysis.
Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate
- The oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
- This reaction is the first oxidation-reduction reaction of glycolysis.
- The NADH formed by this reaction must be reoxidized to NAD+ for glycolysis to continue.
NADH Reoxidation
- Two major mechanisms for oxidizing NADH are:
- The NADH-linked conversion of pyruvate to lactate (anaerobic)
- Oxidation of NADH via the respiratory chain (aerobic)
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Description
This quiz covers metabolic pathways and catabolic reactions, including how they are affected when a pathway is blocked. It explores the major metabolic maps and the capture of chemical energy.
