21 Questions
Which of the following substrates is specific for Complex I in the electron transport chain?
Glutamate
What is the effect of ADP on oxidative phosphorylation?
Activates OXPHOS
Which compound inhibits Complex I in the electron transport chain?
Rotenone
What is the specific substrate for Complex II in the electron transport chain?
Succinate
Which compound is responsible for inhibiting the electron transport chain at Complex III?
Antimycin A
What does an RQ of 0.85 in mice during the day indicate?
Mice rely more on fat for energy
What is the range of RQ (respiratory quotient) for energy production?
0.70 (fat) to 1.0 (glucose)
What is the purpose of stable isotopes in metabolic imaging?
To track nutrient dynamics and quantify glucose metabolism
How is equilibrium in metabolic imaging reached and detected?
Through infusion and detected with mass spectrometry
What does Oligomycin do in cellular oxygraphy?
Inhibits ATP synthase and assesses the rate of oxygen consumption devoted to ATP synthesis
What can be specifically investigated to understand mitochondrial function in cellular respirometry?
Controlling substrates and ADP concentrations
What does FCCP do in cellular oxygraphy?
Uncouples oxygen consumption from ATP synthesis, allowing measurement of maximal oxygen consumption capacity
What does Antimycin-A and Rotenone do in cellular oxygraphy?
Inhibit the respiratory chain and assess residual oxygen consumption not related to mitochondria
What is the efficiency of the human body in transferring redox energy to phosphate?
60-70%
Which technique measures heat production by combusting a fixed amount of nutrient to determine its energy content?
Direct calorimetry
What does indirect calorimetry measure to calculate energy expenditure?
O2 and CO2 exchange
What is the O2 energy equivalent (EqO2) range depending on the mixture of substrate used by the body?
4.851 - 5.2 kcal/l of O2 consumed
What technique enables in vivo measurement of brain glucose metabolism using injected labels such as [6,6ʹ-2H2]glucose or [2H3]acetate?
Deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI)
What technique allows for the measurement of glucose, glutamine, and lactate concentrations in various regions of the brain in small animal MRI studies?
Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy
What technique provides spatial information on tissue and metabolic intensity maps for detecting various metabolites in vivo?
Human MRI combined with mass spectrometry
What is a valuable method for examining metabolic perturbations within cells but poorly mimics some in vivo conditions?
In vitro cellular respiration measurement
Study Notes
Metabolic Imaging and Analysis Techniques in Organ Metabolism
- Deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) enables in vivo measurement of brain glucose metabolism using injected labels such as [6,6ʹ-2H2]glucose or [2H3]acetate.
- Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy allow for the measurement of glucose, glutamine, and lactate concentrations in various regions of the brain in small animal MRI studies.
- Human MRI combined with mass spectrometry provides spatial information on tissue and metabolic intensity maps for detecting various metabolites in vivo.
- Ex vivo organ perfusion systems, used in preclinical studies, allow for the controlled measurement of functions such as pressure, cardiac output, and metabolism in organs like the heart.
- Metabolism can be analyzed using techniques such as isotopic tracers, mass spectrometry for metabolite analysis, and molecular tools for gene and protein analysis.
- In vitro cellular respiration measurement is a valuable method for examining metabolic perturbations within cells, but it poorly mimics some in vivo conditions.
- In vivo and in vitro cellular metabolism studies reveal differences in cellular organization and behavior when examining cardiac muscle cells.
- Standard oxygraphy is a technique used to monitor oxygen consumption in cell suspensions, providing valuable information about cellular respiration.
- Standard oxygraphy has limitations, including low throughput, the need for large cell numbers, and only being suitable for cells in suspension.
- Invasive techniques, such as cannulating portal veins and hepatic veins, are used to measure blood flow and metabolic processes in organs like the liver, mainly in pre-clinical animal models.
- Ex vivo organ perfusion studies provide advantages in controlled conditions for measuring organ functions but lack in vivo regulatory complexity.
- Cellular metabolism studies, including cellular respiration measurement and in vitro experiments, provide valuable insights into metabolic processes but have limitations in mimicking in vivo conditions.
Test your knowledge of metabolic imaging and analysis techniques in organ metabolism with this quiz. From deuterium metabolic imaging to ex vivo organ perfusion systems, this quiz covers a range of methods used to measure and analyze metabolism in organs and cells.
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