44 Questions
What is the primary way energy storage is regulated?
Reflexive adjustment of food intake
What is the role of the hypothalamus in thermoregulation?
Integrating temperature-regulating reflexes
How does the body lose heat through radiation, conduction, and convection?
Through the skin surface, depending on the temperature difference between the skin and the environment
What is the result of an imbalance between food intake and metabolic rate?
Being overweight or obese
During absorption, what is the primary source of energy?
Absorbed carbohydrate
What is the stimulus that causes fever?
Endogenous pyrogen
What is the consequence of extreme increases in body temperature?
Heat exhaustion or heatstroke
Where is most absorbed carbohydrate converted into glycerol 3-phosphate and fatty acids?
Liver and adipocytes
What is the primary function of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in the body?
Carrying cholesterol from cells to the liver and steroid-producing cells
What is the fate of excess amino acids during absorption?
They are used to synthesize carbohydrate and fat
What is the relationship between cholesterol synthesis by the liver and ingested cholesterol?
Cholesterol synthesis decreases with ingested cholesterol
What is the significance of the LDL/HDL ratio in relation to heart disease?
It is directly proportional to the incidence of heart disease
What is the main source of energy for most tissues in the postabsorptive state?
Fatty acids and ketones
What is the primary function of insulin in the liver?
Inhibiting gluconeogenesis
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver?
Glucagon
What is the definition of hypoglycemia?
An abnormally low glucose concentration in the blood
During exercise, what is the primary source of energy for muscles?
Plasma glucose, fatty acids, and muscle glycogen
What is the effect of cortisol on glucose metabolism?
Permitting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
What is the equation for total energy expenditure?
Total energy expenditure = Heat produced + External work done + Energy stored
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and muscle?
Epinephrine
What is the effect of thyroid hormones on metabolic rate?
Increasing metabolic rate
What is the primary function of the liver in the postabsorptive state?
Synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
What is the primary fate of absorbed carbohydrate that is not used for energy?
It is converted into glycerol 3-phosphate and fatty acids in the liver and adipocytes
What is the main function of the liver in relation to triglycerides?
To release triglycerides in very-low-density lipoproteins
What is the primary function of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in the body?
To deliver cholesterol to cells
What is the primary fate of excess amino acids during absorption?
They are used to synthesize carbohydrate and fat
What is the role of the liver in regulating plasma cholesterol concentration?
It regulates cholesterol synthesis homeostatically to maintain plasma cholesterol concentration
What is the primary source of glucose for the liver during absorption?
Absorbed carbohydrate
What is the primary function of leptin in the body?
To control food intake
What is the result of a chronic increase in food intake?
An increase in metabolic rate
How does the body lose heat through evaporation?
Through sweat and insensible loss from the skin and respiratory lining
What is the cause of fever?
A resetting of the temperature set point due to endogenous pyrogen
What is the consequence of temperature acclimatization to heat?
An earlier onset of sweating, an increased volume of sweat, and a decreased salt concentration of the sweat
What is the result of an imbalance between food intake and metabolic rate?
Being overweight or obese
In the postabsorptive state, what is the primary source of energy for most tissues?
Fatty acids and ketones
What is the primary function of insulin in muscle?
Stimulate glucose uptake, glycolysis, and glycogen synthesis
What is the effect of glucagon on the liver?
Stimulate glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and ketone synthesis
What is the primary stimulus for insulin secretion?
Increased plasma glucose concentration
What is the effect of epinephrine on adipose tissue?
Stimulate lipolysis
During exercise, what is the primary source of energy for muscles?
All of the above
What is the effect of cortisol on gluconeogenesis?
Permissive for gluconeogenesis
What is the primary function of the liver in the postabsorptive state?
Gluconeogenesis and ketone synthesis
What is the effect of growth hormone on glucose metabolism?
Stimulate gluconeogenesis and block glucose uptake
What is the primary function of insulin in adipose tissue?
Stimulate glucose uptake and net synthesis of triglyceride
Understand the metabolic changes that occur in the postabsorptive state, including glucose production, glycogen synthesis, and fatty acid utilization. Learn how the liver and other tissues adapt to maintain blood glucose levels. Test your knowledge of glucose metabolism and energy production!
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