Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a key characteristic of an idiopathic disease?
What is a key characteristic of an idiopathic disease?
- It always requires aggressive treatment.
- It develops without a known cause. (correct)
- It presents with the same signs in every individual.
- It is always fatal.
What is the typical signalment for dogs affected by panosteitis?
What is the typical signalment for dogs affected by panosteitis?
- Young, fast-growing, large-breed dogs (correct)
- Middle-aged, medium-sized dogs
- Older, small breed dogs
- Any dog, regardless of age or breed
What is the most common clinical sign associated with panosteitis?
What is the most common clinical sign associated with panosteitis?
- Skin lesions
- Seizures
- Weight gain
- Shifting leg lameness (correct)
What radiographic change is most indicative of panosteitis?
What radiographic change is most indicative of panosteitis?
What is the typical treatment approach for panosteitis?
What is the typical treatment approach for panosteitis?
Up to how long can the clinical signs of panosteitis last?
Up to how long can the clinical signs of panosteitis last?
Pain associated with panosteitis is typically elicited by palpation of what?
Pain associated with panosteitis is typically elicited by palpation of what?
Which of the following is a component of the pathogenesis of panosteitis?
Which of the following is a component of the pathogenesis of panosteitis?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by severe pain and swelling of the distal radius, ulna, and tibia in young dogs?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by severe pain and swelling of the distal radius, ulna, and tibia in young dogs?
At what age are dogs typically affected by hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
At what age are dogs typically affected by hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
Which radiographic sign is characteristic of hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
Which radiographic sign is characteristic of hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
What is the primary treatment for hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
What is the primary treatment for hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
Which of the following is a possible cause of hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
Which of the following is a possible cause of hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
What is a key systemic sign associated with hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
What is a key systemic sign associated with hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
What is the underlying pathophysiology of hypertrophic osteodystrophy related to neutrophils?
What is the underlying pathophysiology of hypertrophic osteodystrophy related to neutrophils?
Which of the following breeds is most commonly affected by craniomandibular osteopathy?
Which of the following breeds is most commonly affected by craniomandibular osteopathy?
What is the most prominent clinical sign of craniomandibular osteopathy?
What is the most prominent clinical sign of craniomandibular osteopathy?
What is the typical signalment for dogs affected by craniomandibular osteopathy?
What is the typical signalment for dogs affected by craniomandibular osteopathy?
What is the prognosis for most animals affected by craniomandibular osteopathy?
What is the prognosis for most animals affected by craniomandibular osteopathy?
Which of the following is a frequent sequela in animals affected by craniomandibular osteopathy?
Which of the following is a frequent sequela in animals affected by craniomandibular osteopathy?
Which of the following structures are affected by craniomandibular osteopathy?
Which of the following structures are affected by craniomandibular osteopathy?
What is the underlying pathophysiology of craniomandibular osteopathy?
What is the underlying pathophysiology of craniomandibular osteopathy?
What is the treatment for craniomandibular osteopathy?
What is the treatment for craniomandibular osteopathy?
In what year was Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (LCP) first described?
In what year was Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (LCP) first described?
Which of the following best describes the underlying pathophysiology of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
Which of the following best describes the underlying pathophysiology of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
Which of the following signalments is most commonly associated with Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
Which of the following signalments is most commonly associated with Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
What is a common clinical sign of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
What is a common clinical sign of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
Which of the following radiographic findings would be most suggestive of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
Which of the following radiographic findings would be most suggestive of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
What does 'moth eaten' refer to in the context of describing radiographic changes associated with Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
What does 'moth eaten' refer to in the context of describing radiographic changes associated with Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
What percentage of success can medical management yield for Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
What percentage of success can medical management yield for Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
What is the treatment of choice for Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
What is the treatment of choice for Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
Which of the following is true regarding cases of Legg-Calvé-Perthes?
Which of the following is true regarding cases of Legg-Calvé-Perthes?
Which of the following best describes the clinical presentation of Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO)?
Which of the following best describes the clinical presentation of Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO)?
In the majority of cases, what underlying condition is associated with Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy?
In the majority of cases, what underlying condition is associated with Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy?
In what percentage of Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO) cases is thoracic cancer present?
In what percentage of Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO) cases is thoracic cancer present?
Which action may lead to regression of bone lesions associated with hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy, if a single thoracic mass is present?
Which action may lead to regression of bone lesions associated with hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy, if a single thoracic mass is present?
If a patient has a single thoracic mass and undergoes lobectomy, how long might regression of related bone lesions take?
If a patient has a single thoracic mass and undergoes lobectomy, how long might regression of related bone lesions take?
Which of the following is a cause of Vitamin D deficiency (Rickets)?
Which of the following is a cause of Vitamin D deficiency (Rickets)?
What are the matrices doing in regards to Vitamin D deficiency?
What are the matrices doing in regards to Vitamin D deficiency?
In cases of Rickets, which of the following histological changes occur?
In cases of Rickets, which of the following histological changes occur?
What is a common skeletal deformity seen in Rickets?
What is a common skeletal deformity seen in Rickets?
In the provided clinical case, what clinical chemistry finding was noted in the intact female Dromedary Camel?
In the provided clinical case, what clinical chemistry finding was noted in the intact female Dromedary Camel?
Normal bone is replaced by what type of tissue in Fibrous Osteodystrophy?
Normal bone is replaced by what type of tissue in Fibrous Osteodystrophy?
Which of the following is a potential cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Which of the following is a potential cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism is most likely caused by:
Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism is most likely caused by:
Which of the following is the best terminology to describe a specific bone disease?
Which of the following is the best terminology to describe a specific bone disease?
In the context of bone diseases, what is the primary characteristic of a disease described as 'idiopathic'?
In the context of bone diseases, what is the primary characteristic of a disease described as 'idiopathic'?
What is the typical age range during which dogs are affected by panosteitis?
What is the typical age range during which dogs are affected by panosteitis?
What type of treatment is generally recommended for cases of panosteitis in dogs?
What type of treatment is generally recommended for cases of panosteitis in dogs?
In canine hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD), which bones are most commonly affected?
In canine hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD), which bones are most commonly affected?
What radiographic finding characterizes hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
What radiographic finding characterizes hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
What is the most common signalment for dogs affected by craniomandibular osteopathy?
What is the most common signalment for dogs affected by craniomandibular osteopathy?
What radiographic feature helps to characterize panosteitis?
What radiographic feature helps to characterize panosteitis?
What is the primary cause of pain associated with panosteitis?
What is the primary cause of pain associated with panosteitis?
What histopathological change is observed in bone marrow of dogs affected by panosteitis?
What histopathological change is observed in bone marrow of dogs affected by panosteitis?
Which infectious agents are considered potential causes of hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)?
Which infectious agents are considered potential causes of hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)?
What is the underlying mechanism that causes inflammation in hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)?
What is the underlying mechanism that causes inflammation in hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)?
Which of the following is a clinical sign associated with hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
Which of the following is a clinical sign associated with hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
What is often the end result of craniomandibular osteopathy in dogs?
What is often the end result of craniomandibular osteopathy in dogs?
What term describes the bone formation process in craniomandibular osteopathy?
What term describes the bone formation process in craniomandibular osteopathy?
Which of the following is a common physical examination finding in dogs with Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
Which of the following is a common physical examination finding in dogs with Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
Which of the following best describes the radiographic findings of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
Which of the following best describes the radiographic findings of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
Besides active ROM, what activity can assist with treatment of Legg-Calvé-Perthes?
Besides active ROM, what activity can assist with treatment of Legg-Calvé-Perthes?
What percentage of Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO) cases are associated with pulmonary disease?
What percentage of Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO) cases are associated with pulmonary disease?
What specific clinical sign is associated with Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy?
What specific clinical sign is associated with Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy?
How long may regression of bone lesions take in Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO), after performing a lobectomy to remove a single thoracic mass?
How long may regression of bone lesions take in Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO), after performing a lobectomy to remove a single thoracic mass?
What skeletal structure in the body is effected by Rickets?
What skeletal structure in the body is effected by Rickets?
In regards to Vitamin D deficiency (Rickets), which of the following are not being mineralized?
In regards to Vitamin D deficiency (Rickets), which of the following are not being mineralized?
In cases of Rickets, bone cortex becomes:
In cases of Rickets, bone cortex becomes:
When it comes to terminology, what is a better way to describe a condition to avoid confusion?
When it comes to terminology, what is a better way to describe a condition to avoid confusion?
If a farm has multiple animals afflicted with lesions on their face that have persisted, what can that indicate?
If a farm has multiple animals afflicted with lesions on their face that have persisted, what can that indicate?
In secondary hyperparathyroidism, it is caused by diet imbalance and deficiencies. Which of the following are those?
In secondary hyperparathyroidism, it is caused by diet imbalance and deficiencies. Which of the following are those?
What histopathological diagnosis can be yielded when analyzing bone?
What histopathological diagnosis can be yielded when analyzing bone?
When normal bone is resorbed and replaced with fibrous connective tissue and woven bone, this is termed:
When normal bone is resorbed and replaced with fibrous connective tissue and woven bone, this is termed:
A camel presents with large bilateral masses on the mandible and maxilla, accompanied by hyperphosphatemia and normal calcium levels. Several other camels on the same farm exhibit similar lesions. All kidney analysis is normal. If the parathyroid glands cannot be located, what possible cause is this?
A camel presents with large bilateral masses on the mandible and maxilla, accompanied by hyperphosphatemia and normal calcium levels. Several other camels on the same farm exhibit similar lesions. All kidney analysis is normal. If the parathyroid glands cannot be located, what possible cause is this?
A veterinarian is examining a herd of young alpacas showing signs of skeletal deformities. Blood samples reveal Vitamin D deficiency. What error could prevent this?
A veterinarian is examining a herd of young alpacas showing signs of skeletal deformities. Blood samples reveal Vitamin D deficiency. What error could prevent this?
In panosteitis, which portion of the long bones is most commonly affected?
In panosteitis, which portion of the long bones is most commonly affected?
What is the most likely underlying cause of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (LCP)?
What is the most likely underlying cause of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (LCP)?
In Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO), which of the following is the most common primary cause?
In Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO), which of the following is the most common primary cause?
What is the primary effect of parathormone (PTH) on bone in cases of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?
What is the primary effect of parathormone (PTH) on bone in cases of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?
A young dog presents with lameness and pain localized to the metaphyseal region of its long bones. Radiographs reveal a distinct radiolucent line parallel to the physis. Which condition is most likely?
A young dog presents with lameness and pain localized to the metaphyseal region of its long bones. Radiographs reveal a distinct radiolucent line parallel to the physis. Which condition is most likely?
Which of the following is a potential treatment method that aims to resolve the underlying cause of Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO) when associated with Spirocerca lupi?
Which of the following is a potential treatment method that aims to resolve the underlying cause of Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO) when associated with Spirocerca lupi?
Why is the term 'avascular necrosis' considered inaccurate when describing Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
Why is the term 'avascular necrosis' considered inaccurate when describing Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
Which lab finding would help differentiate nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism from Vitamin D deficiency?
Which lab finding would help differentiate nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism from Vitamin D deficiency?
A dog presents with HPO. Diagnostic workup reveals no thoracic abnormalities. Which condition cannot cause HPO?
A dog presents with HPO. Diagnostic workup reveals no thoracic abnormalities. Which condition cannot cause HPO?
A miniature pinscher presents with hind limb lameness. Radiographs reveal lysis, collapse, and a 'moth-eaten' appearance of the femoral head and neck. Knowing that inherited syndromes causing vitamin D resistance exist, mutations of which protein would NOT cause these issues?
A miniature pinscher presents with hind limb lameness. Radiographs reveal lysis, collapse, and a 'moth-eaten' appearance of the femoral head and neck. Knowing that inherited syndromes causing vitamin D resistance exist, mutations of which protein would NOT cause these issues?
What is a primary characteristic of idiopathic bone diseases?
What is a primary characteristic of idiopathic bone diseases?
In cases of panosteitis, where is pain typically elicited?
In cases of panosteitis, where is pain typically elicited?
Which of the following best describes the typical radiographic appearance of panosteitis?
Which of the following best describes the typical radiographic appearance of panosteitis?
What is the most common clinical sign observed in dogs affected by panosteitis?
What is the most common clinical sign observed in dogs affected by panosteitis?
In canine hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD), what is the 'double physis sign'?
In canine hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD), what is the 'double physis sign'?
What systemic signs are commonly associated with Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy?
What systemic signs are commonly associated with Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy?
In cases of craniomandibular osteopathy, which of the following clinical signs indicates a severe disease progression?
In cases of craniomandibular osteopathy, which of the following clinical signs indicates a severe disease progression?
What is the most likely outcome for a dog diagnosed with craniomandibular osteopathy?
What is the most likely outcome for a dog diagnosed with craniomandibular osteopathy?
Which of the following best describes the underlying problem in Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
Which of the following best describes the underlying problem in Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
What is the primary indication for surgical intervention in cases of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
What is the primary indication for surgical intervention in cases of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
What is the significance of identifying a pulmonary lesion in a patient presenting with signs of hypertrophic osteopathy?
What is the significance of identifying a pulmonary lesion in a patient presenting with signs of hypertrophic osteopathy?
How long does it typically take for bone lesions to regress following lung lobectomy in cases of Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy?
How long does it typically take for bone lesions to regress following lung lobectomy in cases of Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy?
What is the primary issue in rickets that leads to skeletal abnormalities?
What is the primary issue in rickets that leads to skeletal abnormalities?
What is the most accurate and specific way to describe a case of rickets?
What is the most accurate and specific way to describe a case of rickets?
What is the underlying mechanism in secondary hyperparathyroidism that leads to fibrous osteodystrophy?
What is the underlying mechanism in secondary hyperparathyroidism that leads to fibrous osteodystrophy?
Which of the following would be the most important next step in diagnosing multiple camels with similar lesions on their faces?
Which of the following would be the most important next step in diagnosing multiple camels with similar lesions on their faces?
Why is early mobilization important for a patient who undergoes a femoral head ostectomy (FHO)?
Why is early mobilization important for a patient who undergoes a femoral head ostectomy (FHO)?
Which of the following describes 'shifting leg lameness' as it relates to panosteitis?
Which of the following describes 'shifting leg lameness' as it relates to panosteitis?
What is the primary component of supportive treatment for dogs with panosteitis?
What is the primary component of supportive treatment for dogs with panosteitis?
What anatomical location is most severely affected in cases of hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)?
What anatomical location is most severely affected in cases of hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)?
What is the primary treatment goal for hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)?
What is the primary treatment goal for hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)?
In craniomandibular osteopathy (CMO), what specific bones are most commonly affected?
In craniomandibular osteopathy (CMO), what specific bones are most commonly affected?
Which of the following clinical signs is most indicative of craniomandibular osteopathy (CMO) in dogs?
Which of the following clinical signs is most indicative of craniomandibular osteopathy (CMO) in dogs?
What is the most common long-term consequence of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
What is the most common long-term consequence of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
What radiographic finding is typically observed in Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
What radiographic finding is typically observed in Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
In Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO), what is the typical relationship between the pulmonary condition and the bone lesions?
In Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO), what is the typical relationship between the pulmonary condition and the bone lesions?
What radiographic finding is often associated with Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO)?
What radiographic finding is often associated with Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO)?
What is the primary defect in rickets that affects bone structure?
What is the primary defect in rickets that affects bone structure?
Which of the following is a potential cause of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Which of the following is a potential cause of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?
In cases of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, what happens to bone structure?
In cases of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, what happens to bone structure?
What does the term 'idiopathic' refer to in the context of bone diseases?
What does the term 'idiopathic' refer to in the context of bone diseases?
What is the significance of recognizing the 'double physis sign' on radiographs of a young dog?
What is the significance of recognizing the 'double physis sign' on radiographs of a young dog?
What underlying pathogenic factor would be LEAST likely to cause Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy?
What underlying pathogenic factor would be LEAST likely to cause Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy?
Which characteristic is NOT a typical feature of hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)?
Which characteristic is NOT a typical feature of hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)?
A young dog presents with lameness and the following radiographic report: lysis, collapse, and a 'moth-eaten' appearance of the femoral head and neck. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
A young dog presents with lameness and the following radiographic report: lysis, collapse, and a 'moth-eaten' appearance of the femoral head and neck. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
A dog is diagnosed with Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO) secondary to a lung tumor. What is the pathophysiologic mechanism that links the lung tumor to the bone changes observed in the limbs?
A dog is diagnosed with Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO) secondary to a lung tumor. What is the pathophysiologic mechanism that links the lung tumor to the bone changes observed in the limbs?
Following a femoral head ostectomy (FHO), what are the goals of rehabilitation?
Following a femoral head ostectomy (FHO), what are the goals of rehabilitation?
A young dog presents with shifting leg lameness. On radiographs, you observe increased medullary opacity with poorly defined borders but it extends to the metaphysis. Which of the following answers gives the correct disease and primary location for radiographic changes?
A young dog presents with shifting leg lameness. On radiographs, you observe increased medullary opacity with poorly defined borders but it extends to the metaphysis. Which of the following answers gives the correct disease and primary location for radiographic changes?
What could be the misleading part of the term 'avascular necrosis' when describing Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
What could be the misleading part of the term 'avascular necrosis' when describing Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
A group of alpacas on a farm present with skeletal deformities. Blood samples reveal vitamin D deficiency. Assuming the issue is not a malignant syndrome, what is the most likely error?
A group of alpacas on a farm present with skeletal deformities. Blood samples reveal vitamin D deficiency. Assuming the issue is not a malignant syndrome, what is the most likely error?
Which of the following diseases does NOT cause the same bloodwork abnormalities as the rest?
Which of the following diseases does NOT cause the same bloodwork abnormalities as the rest?
Which statement best describes an idiopathic disease?
Which statement best describes an idiopathic disease?
What is a typical characteristic of pain associated with panosteitis?
What is a typical characteristic of pain associated with panosteitis?
What radiographic finding is most indicative of panosteitis in a young dog?
What radiographic finding is most indicative of panosteitis in a young dog?
What is the primary focus of treatment for panosteitis?
What is the primary focus of treatment for panosteitis?
Which term describes the shifting nature of lameness associated with panosteitis?
Which term describes the shifting nature of lameness associated with panosteitis?
What histologic finding is associated with pain in panosteitis?
What histologic finding is associated with pain in panosteitis?
What is the primary clinical sign associated with hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)?
What is the primary clinical sign associated with hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)?
What radiographic sign is most characteristic of hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)?
What radiographic sign is most characteristic of hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD)?
What is the most important aspect of treatment for hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
What is the most important aspect of treatment for hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
In hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD), accumulation of what cell type primarily mediates metaphyseal inflammation?
In hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD), accumulation of what cell type primarily mediates metaphyseal inflammation?
What is a potential long-term sequela of hypertrophic osteodystrophy involving the physes?
What is a potential long-term sequela of hypertrophic osteodystrophy involving the physes?
Which of the following best describes the typical clinical presentation of craniomandibular osteopathy (CMO)?
Which of the following best describes the typical clinical presentation of craniomandibular osteopathy (CMO)?
What radiographic changes are typically observed in animals with craniomandibular osteopathy?
What radiographic changes are typically observed in animals with craniomandibular osteopathy?
What is the likely outcome for an animal severely affected by craniomandibular osteopathy?
What is the likely outcome for an animal severely affected by craniomandibular osteopathy?
Histologically, what characterizes the bone changes observed in craniomandibular osteopathy?
Histologically, what characterizes the bone changes observed in craniomandibular osteopathy?
Which of the following best describes the underlying issue in Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (LCP)?
Which of the following best describes the underlying issue in Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (LCP)?
Why is the term 'aseptic necrosis' sometimes used to describe Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
Why is the term 'aseptic necrosis' sometimes used to describe Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
A young terrier presents with unilateral hind limb lameness, pain on hip extension, and muscle atrophy. Radiographs reveal a flattened, moth-eaten appearance of the femoral head. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A young terrier presents with unilateral hind limb lameness, pain on hip extension, and muscle atrophy. Radiographs reveal a flattened, moth-eaten appearance of the femoral head. What is the most likely diagnosis?
What surgical procedure is commonly performed to treat Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
What surgical procedure is commonly performed to treat Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?
What is emphasized when caring for a patient following a femoral head ostectomy (FHO) to treat LCP?
What is emphasized when caring for a patient following a femoral head ostectomy (FHO) to treat LCP?
In most cases of Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO), what underlying condition is typically associated with the bone changes?
In most cases of Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO), what underlying condition is typically associated with the bone changes?
What percentage of Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO) cases are associated with pulmonary tumors?
What percentage of Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO) cases are associated with pulmonary tumors?
What is the primary approach to resolve bone lesions associated with Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO) when a single lung tumor is identified?
What is the primary approach to resolve bone lesions associated with Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO) when a single lung tumor is identified?
Which of the following best describes the typical radiographic appearance of Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO)?
Which of the following best describes the typical radiographic appearance of Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO)?
What is the fundamental defect in rickets that leads to skeletal abnormalities?
What is the fundamental defect in rickets that leads to skeletal abnormalities?
Deficiencies in which nutrients are directly associated with the development of rickets?
Deficiencies in which nutrients are directly associated with the development of rickets?
Histologically, what change is typically observed in the physis in cases of rickets?
Histologically, what change is typically observed in the physis in cases of rickets?
Which of the following skeletal deformities is commonly associated with rickets?
Which of the following skeletal deformities is commonly associated with rickets?
In an adult camel diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism due to a parathyroid tumor, how does this directly affect bone structure and composition?
In an adult camel diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism due to a parathyroid tumor, how does this directly affect bone structure and composition?
What is the hallmark of fibrous osteodystrophy on a cellular level?
What is the hallmark of fibrous osteodystrophy on a cellular level?
If a group of adult iguanas are housed indoors without proper UVB lighting, which of the following is most likely to develop?
If a group of adult iguanas are housed indoors without proper UVB lighting, which of the following is most likely to develop?
A camel presents with large bilateral masses on the mandible and maxilla, accompanied by hyperphosphatemia and normal calcium levels. Several other camels on the same farm exhibit similar lesions. All kidney analysis is normal and unable to palpate an enlarged parathyroid. What is the most likely cause?
A camel presents with large bilateral masses on the mandible and maxilla, accompanied by hyperphosphatemia and normal calcium levels. Several other camels on the same farm exhibit similar lesions. All kidney analysis is normal and unable to palpate an enlarged parathyroid. What is the most likely cause?
A veterinarian is examining a herd of young alpacas showing signs of skeletal deformities. Blood samples reveal Vitamin D deficiency. Assuming husbandry is to blame, what error is most suspect?
A veterinarian is examining a herd of young alpacas showing signs of skeletal deformities. Blood samples reveal Vitamin D deficiency. Assuming husbandry is to blame, what error is most suspect?
What is the most appropriate and specific way to describe a case of rickets in a young animal?
What is the most appropriate and specific way to describe a case of rickets in a young animal?
When describing a bone disease, why is using more specific terminology preferable to a broad term like 'rickets' or 'osteomalacia'?
When describing a bone disease, why is using more specific terminology preferable to a broad term like 'rickets' or 'osteomalacia'?
In a herd of camels, several animals present with similar lesions of the mandible and maxilla. What is the most important next step in establishing a definitive diagnosis?
In a herd of camels, several animals present with similar lesions of the mandible and maxilla. What is the most important next step in establishing a definitive diagnosis?
A farm with multiple animals afflicted with similar persistent lesions on their faces is MOST indicative of what?
A farm with multiple animals afflicted with similar persistent lesions on their faces is MOST indicative of what?
In cases of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, it is caused by diet imbalance and deficiencies. Which of the following are those?
In cases of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, it is caused by diet imbalance and deficiencies. Which of the following are those?
Flashcards
Idiopathic Disease
Idiopathic Disease
A disease that develops with no known cause.
Panosteitis
Panosteitis
Bone disease in young, fast-growing, large-breed dogs typically between 5-12 months old.
Panosteitis in radiographs
Panosteitis in radiographs
Radiographic changes on the diaphysis, extending to the metaphysis.
Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy
Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy
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Craniomandibular Osteopathy (CMO)
Craniomandibular Osteopathy (CMO)
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Craniomandibular Osteopathy Characteristics
Craniomandibular Osteopathy Characteristics
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Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
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Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO)
Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO)
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Vitamin D Deficiency (Rickets)
Vitamin D Deficiency (Rickets)
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Metabolic Bone Disease
Metabolic Bone Disease
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Rickets
Rickets
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Osteomalacia
Osteomalacia
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Fibrous osteodystrophy
Fibrous osteodystrophy
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Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
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Metabolic bone disease cause
Metabolic bone disease cause
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What is Panosteitis?
What is Panosteitis?
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Clinical Signs of Panosteitis
Clinical Signs of Panosteitis
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Radiographic Findings of Panosteitis
Radiographic Findings of Panosteitis
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Treatment & Prognosis for Panosteitis
Treatment & Prognosis for Panosteitis
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Signs of Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD)
Signs of Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD)
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Radiographic findings of HOD
Radiographic findings of HOD
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Etiology & Treatment of HOD
Etiology & Treatment of HOD
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Characteristics of Craniomandibular Osteopathy
Characteristics of Craniomandibular Osteopathy
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Clinical Signs of Craniomandibular Osteopathy
Clinical Signs of Craniomandibular Osteopathy
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Synovial Osteochondromatosis
Synovial Osteochondromatosis
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Shifting Leg Lameness
Shifting Leg Lameness
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Sclerosis (of bone)
Sclerosis (of bone)
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Double Physis Sign
Double Physis Sign
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Subjacent
Subjacent
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Ptyalism
Ptyalism
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Avascular Necrosis
Avascular Necrosis
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FHO/FHNE
FHO/FHNE
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Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
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Lung Lobectomy
Lung Lobectomy
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HOD – Clinical signs
HOD – Clinical signs
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Moth-eaten
Moth-eaten
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Study Notes
Panosteitis
- Idiopathic disease, meaning it develops without an apparent or known cause, though a recognizable pattern of signs and symptoms exists.
- Most common in young, fast-growing, large-breed dogs, particularly German Shepherds.
- Can occur in dogs aged 5-12 months, but may affect dogs up to 7 years old.
- Symptoms include pain upon palpation of the diaphysis (mid-shaft) of long bones, which differentiates this from other diseases affecting the ends of the bones.
- Radiographs reveal intramedullary sclerosis (hardening) of the bone, appearing as whiter areas.
- Supportive care is the primary treatment, including fluids, pain relievers, and rest.
- Shifting leg lameness is a characteristic symptom as the disease can affect multiple limbs.
- Clinical signs may persist for up to nine months.
- Radiographic changes typically start in the diaphysis, and may extend to the metaphysis.
- Patchy intramedullary opacity is visible on radiographs.
- The proximal to central third of the femur and distal third of the humerus are common locations.
- Radiographic signs include increased medullary opacity with indistinct borders.
- Histopathology shows hyperemia (excess red cells) in the bone marrow with osteoclastic resorption of trabeculae.
- Medullary edema and distension of capillaries are believed to be the source of pain.
Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD)
- Also known as metaphyseal osteopathy.
- Affects young, rapidly growing, usually giant-breed dogs between 2-8 months old.
- The exact cause is unknown, with speculated causes remaining unproven.
- Severe pain and swelling of the distal radius and ulna are typical symptoms, though other bones may be affected.
- A classic radiographic appearance includes a double physis sign: an additional radiolucent line running subjacent (below and parallel) to the normal physis.
- Histologically, severe neutrophilic entrapment is observed at the chondroosseus junction of the metaphysis.
- Inflammation and necrosis occur in the metaphysis.
- Periosteal new bone growth can bridge the physis, leading to angular limb deformities.
- Systemic signs may include anorexia, weight loss, fever, depression, and even death.
- Treatment is supportive, addressing systemic signs and pain.
- Affected animals may develop angular deformities requiring corrective osteotomies.
- "Subjacent" refers to the area below and toward the center of the bone, specifically the metaphyseal side away from the epiphysis.
Craniomandibular Osteopathy (CMO)
- Affects terrier breeds, especially West Highland White, Scottish, and Cairn Terriers, with a likely autosomal recessive inheritance.
- Possible in other breeds, including Labrador, Great Dane, and Doberman.
- Begins to become noticeable between 3-6 months of age.
- Characterized by severe, painful mandibular swelling.
- Symptoms include pain when opening the mouth, ptyalism (drooling), and inability to open the mouth.
- Intermittent fever and lethargy may also be present.
- Radiographs show endosteal and periosteal new bone formation on the mandible and tympanic bulla.
- A non-inflammatory, non-neoplastic proliferative bone disease of growing dogs.
- Bilaterally symmetric.
- Histologically, osteoclastic resorption and periosteal/endosteal new bone formation are seen in the mandible, tympanic bulla, occipital, and temporal bones.
- Fusion of the bones can occur/making opening the mouth impossible.
- No known treatment exists, often resulting in euthanasia.
- Lesions are bilateral and symmetrical.
- Analgesics may help with pain and fever.
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (LCP)
- Also known as avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head.
- Avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Aseptic necrosis is incorrect nomenclature.
- Characterized by avascular necrosis (loss of blood supply) to the femoral head, leading to bone death and collapse.
- The same disease occurs in children and dogs (terriers and toy breeds primarily).
- Affects terriers and toy breeds, but can occur in other breeds.
- Peak incidence occurs in young dogs aged 5-8 months; bilateral in 10-15% of cases.
- A chronic, non-traumatic cause of hindlimb lameness, resulting in a misshapen femoral head.
- Causes an arthritic, painful hip.
- Histologically, necrosis of the bone is initiated by ischemia, leading to microfractures and collapse of the subchondral bone.
- Physical exam reveals pain upon extension and abduction of the hip, crepitus, and muscle atrophy.
- Radiographs show incongruency, widening of the joint space, subluxation, flattening of the femoral head, and a moth-eaten appearance of the femoral head and neck (patchy lucency).
- Medical management is usually ineffective.
- Treatment option include femoral head and neck excision (FHNE or FHO) or total hip replacement.
- FHNE alleviates the discomfort but does not restore normal gait.
- Passive and active range of motion exercises are key to improve muscle tone after FHNE, helps establish scar tissue.
- Total hip replacement can restore normal function.
Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy (HPO)
- Characterized by reluctance to move and firm swelling of the distal limbs.
- The distal limbs, specifically the metatarsus, metacarpus, and digits, are affected, extending from the mid-shaft of the radius distally
- Present in 95% of cases.
- An underlying issue, such as a lung tumor (91% of time) or heartworm disease, that causes bone growth in the distal limbs.
- Chest x-rays are critical for diagnosis; look for lung tumors or other abnormalities.
- If a single lung tumor is present, a lobectomy can be performed.
- Regression of bone lesions may take 3-4 months post-surgery.
- Radiographic findings include periosteal new bone formation all around the hock and anomalous locations on the radius.
- Histologically, periosteal bone formation is evident.
Vitamin D Deficiency (Rickets) and Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
- Rickets refers to a metabolic bone disease in young animals due to deficiency of calcium, phosphorus, and/or vitamin D.
- Results in inadequate mineralization of osteoid and cartilage matrix, leading to soft, distorted bones.
- Adult form of this disease is osteomalacia.
- Can be caused by inadequate sunlight or lack of vitamin D in commercial feeds.
- Affected animals show thicker physes, distortion of the metaphysis and epiphysis, skeletal deformities, and soft cortices.
- The rachitic metaphysis refers to the thickening of the metaphysis
- It's better to use specific terminology instead of Rickets, and refer to the specific vitamin or mineral deficiency.
- Primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by a parathyroid tumor.
- Secondary hyperparathyroidism can be caused by renal disease (due to impaired vitamin D activation/production) or nutritional deficiencies.
- Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in adult animals is caused by dietary imbalance in calcium and phosphorus or vitamin D deficiency.
- Metabolic bone disease indicates a disorder of bone strength due to mineral abnormalities, particularly calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D.
- Fibrous Osteodystrophy refers to resorption of normal bone with replacement by fibrous connective tissue. This occurs because the bone is used as a reservoir for vitamin and mineral deficiencies.
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