Meta-Ethics and Normative Ethics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the fundamental belief of Moral Realism?

Morality is subjective and varies by individual.

Moral facts exist independently of human beliefs. (correct)

Moral values are determined by cultural norms.

Moral judgments are solely based on emotional responses.

Which ethical theory is primarily concerned with outcomes?

Cognitivism

Virtue Ethics

Consequentialism (correct)

Deontology

What does Aristotle believe is necessary for moral virtue?

Innate qualities that individuals are born with.

The consistent practice of virtuous actions. (correct)

The influence of societal norms in moral development.

Natural inclinations to act kindly.

According to Immanuel Kant, what is the basis for moral actions?

Universalizable rules and duties. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Categorical Imperative require an individual to do?

Act only on maxims that can become universal laws. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of moral philosophy, what does 'Moral Badness' refer to?

Actions that cause harm or injustice. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Non-Cognitivism?

Moral judgments express emotional responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of virtue according to Aristotle?

To attain eudaimonia or flourishing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of autonomy of the will in moral actions according to Kant?

It enables self-governance in moral decision-making. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes John Stuart Mill's utilitarianism from that of Jeremy Bentham?

Mill valued higher intellectual pleasures over lower physical pleasures. Signup and view all the answers

According to Nietzsche, what is the criticism of traditional Christian morality?

It is viewed as life-denying and reflects slave morality. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Kingdom of Ends' refer to in Kant's ethical philosophy?

A moral community governed by universal laws and mutual respect. Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Bad Faith' in existentialist thought as described by Jean-Paul Sartre?

Blaming external forces for one's actions and denying responsibility. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept emphasizes the importance of measuring pleasure and pain in utilitarianism?

Hedonic Calculus Signup and view all the answers

What does Nietzsche's concept of the 'Übermensch' represent?

An individual who creates new values beyond current societal norms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between freedom and morality according to the philosophy discussed?

Only free individuals have the capacity for moral actions. Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is commonly associated with Millennial workers?

Tech-savvy Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes Filipino millennials, also known as Filinnials?

Highly active on social media Signup and view all the answers

What is a negative trait commonly attributed to Millennials?

Lazy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a type of work ethic?

Social Ethics Signup and view all the answers

Which positive trait indicates Millennials’ attitude toward global issues?

Fearless Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Cultural Identity' refer to in the context of Millennials?

A sense of belonging to a group Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a positive outcome of strong work ethics in an organization?

Enhanced brand reputation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits do Filipino millennials value the most?

Authenticity Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Meta-Ethics

Focuses on the nature and meaning of moral values.
Moral Realism: There are objective moral facts.
Moral Anti-Realism: Morality is subjective or relative.
Moral Absolutism: Universal moral principles apply to all.
Cognitivism: Moral statements can be true or false.
Non-Cognitivism: Moral statements express emotions, not facts.
Moral Goodness: Virtuous actions promote well-being.
Moral Badness: Actions that cause harm or injustice.

Normative Ethics

Establishes what is morally right or wrong.
Consequentialism: Morality based on outcomes (e.g., utilitarianism).
Deontology: Morality based on duty and rules (e.g., Kantian ethics).
Virtue Ethics: Focus on character traits (e.g., courage, wisdom).

Morality as Virtue (Aristotle)

Focuses on the cultivation of virtues, which are traits that enable individuals to act rightly and live a good life.
Virtue: Traits developed through practice, aligned with reason.
Eudaimonia: The ultimate goal is flourishing or living a good life, achieved by practicing virtues.
Habituation: Virtues are not innate; they are developed through habituation—consistent practice of virtuous actions.
Emphasizes the role of moral education, starting in childhood and continuing throughout life, in forming these habits.

Morality and Sentiment

David Hume: Moral judgments arise from emotions, driven by sympathy.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Humans are naturally good; morality is rooted in empathy, however, society corrupts this natural sentiment.

Morality and Practical Reason (Immanuel Kant)

Deontological Ethics: Morality is based on duty and universal rules, not consequences.
Categorical Imperative: Act on principles that can be universal laws.
Autonomy: Moral actions stem from rational will and duty, free from external pressures.
Respect for Persons: Treat humanity as an end, not a means.
Key Aspects of Kant's Morality:
- Universalizability: Moral actions must be universally applicable without contradiction.
- Principle: Treat every individual with inherent dignity and respect.
- Kant's Practical Reason: Guides moral actions and decisions, recognizing universal moral laws without needing experience.
- Freedom: Essential for morality; only free individuals are morally responsible.
- Practical vs. Theoretical Reason: Practical reason concerns how things ought to be, while theoretical reason concerns how things are.
- Three Key Elements:
  - Autonomy of the Will: True moral action comes from a self-governing will.
  - Moral Duty: Actions have moral worth when performed out of duty, not inclination.
  - Kingdom of Ends: A moral community where individuals act according to universal laws, treating each other with mutual respect.

Utilitarianism

Right actions maximize pleasure and minimize pain.
Jeremy Bentham:
- Principle of Utility: Actions are judged by their ability to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.
- Hedonic calculus: A method to measure pleasure and pain.
John Stuart Mill:
- Refined Bentham's ideas, distinguishing between higher (intellectual) and lower (physical) pleasures.
- Argued that higher pleasures are more valuable.
- Emphasized the importance of individual rights and long-term consequences.

The Creation of Morality

Friedrich Nietzsche:
- Criticized traditional Christian morality as life-denying and rooted in slave morality (values like humility).
- Master-Slave Morality: Master morality values strength and pride; slave morality values humility and obedience.
- Übermensch (Overman): An individual who creates new values, living beyond societal constraints.
- "God is dead": Traditional religious-based morality no longer holds, requiring humans to create their own values.
Jean-Paul Sartre:
- Existentialism: Humans are radically free and must create their own meaning and moral values in a world without inherent purpose.
- Bad Faith: Denying one's freedom by blaming external forces for their actions.
- Moral Responsibility: In the absence of a predetermined essence, humans must create their own values and take responsibility for their choices.

Millennials and Filinnials:

Millennials (Generation Y): Born early 1980s to mid-1990s/early 2000s. Known as: Net generation; frequent use of gadgets (cellphones, laptops, tablets).
Filinnials: Filipino millennials, often called the selfie generation. Traits: Highly active on social media, familiar with digital technology.

Negative Traits of Millennials:

Untruthful, lazy, quick to anger.
Inability to empathize.
Disloyal, rigid, bossy.

Positive Traits of Millennials:

Well-educated, tech-savvy, fearless.
Concerned about global issues.
Adventurous.
Value diversity and new experiences.

Characteristics of Filipino Millennials:

Value authenticity.
Tech-savvy.
Socially conscious.
Price-conscious.
Favor word-of-mouth recommendations.
Love good content and experiences.

Cultural Identity and Ethical Outlook:

Cultural Identity:
- A person's sense of belonging to a group based on nationality, ethnicity, religion and social class.
- Strongly linked to generation and locality.
- Part of self-perception.
Ethical Outlook: A way of perceiving things in ethical consideration.
Pragmatic Idealism: A desire to make the world a better place, balanced with the need to work both inside and outside existing institutions.

Work Ethics:

An individual's attitude, dedication, and determination toward their job; fundamental to a meaningful life.

Importance of Work Ethics:

Enhance brand reputation.
Reduce employee turnover.
Create a positive work environment.
Improve employee retention.
Increase loyalty among employees and clients.
Accelerate productivity.

Examples of Work Ethics in an Organization:

Professionalism.
Integrity.
Dedication.
Teamwork.
Adaptability.
Respectfulness.
Initiative.
Time Management.

Types of Work Ethics:

Personal Ethics: Reflects individual moral values (e.g., honesty, kindness, responsibility).
Business Ethics: Principles for fair practices (e.g., fair trade, ethical sourcing).
Employer Ethics: Fair hiring and firing practices (e.g., equal opportunity employment).
Customer Ethics: Ethical interactions with customers (e.g., fair pricing, transparency).

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Description

Test your understanding of meta-ethics and normative ethics, focusing on key concepts like moral realism, absolutism, and the ethical theories of consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics. Explore how moral goodness and badness relate to virtuous actions and overall well-being. Perfect for students studying philosophy or ethics.