Mesodermi: Musculi et Annexa

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Questions and Answers

Quod ex his sequentiis recte describit progressionem mesodermi paraxialis?

  • Dermatomium → somita → myotomium → sclerotomium
  • Somita → dermatomium → sclerotomium → myotomium
  • Somita → dermatomium → myotomium → sclerotomium (correct)
  • Myotomium → dermatomium → somita → sclerotomium

Quod ex his structuris ex mesodermico laterali oritur?

  • Musculi membri (correct)
  • Musculi linguae
  • Musculi oculares
  • Musculi dorsi

Quod ex his factoribus primario in proliferatione myoblastarum implicatur?

  • PDGF (correct)
  • FGF
  • IL-GF
  • TGF-beta

Quae est series rectissima eventuum in degeneratione musculi post laesionem?

<p>Inflammatio → Hydratio sarcoplasmatis → Ruptura sarcotubulorum → Digestio actus contractilis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quodnam harum linearum temporis eventus post lesionem muscularem accuratissime describit?

<p>Dies 3: reactio inflammatoria, mioblasti, et miotubi crescunt; actio fibroblastarum augetur. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quod horum factorum regenerationem muscularem impedit?

<p>Arreata vasorum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quod horum affirmationum accuratissime naturam musculus scheletalis cum auctus est describit post damnum?

<p>Cum musculus fit maius, novum myocitos fabricatur per fusionem myoblastorum, causans fibras musculares maiores. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quod praecipuum mechanisma est per quod exercitium incrementum musculi post laesionem sustinet?

<p>Augmentum protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid interest mesodermi paraxialis in myogenesi?

<p>Mesodermus paraxialis praecursorem musculaturae scheletalis est (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quod factor incrementi praecipuus est qui in proliferatione myoblastorum agit, eam accelerans in processu myogenetico?

<p>Factor incrementi fibroblastici (FGF) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quod ex his membranis cellularibus praecipue cellulis satellitibus locatur?

<p>Basialis lamina inter laminam externam et membranam plasmaticam (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid est momentum lamininae in myogenesi?

<p>Proliferationi et differentiationi cellularis affert incrementum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid consequitur in laesione musculari quod fluxum sanguinis auget, inflammationem, et dationem nutrimenti faciliorem reddit?

<p>Responsum immunitarium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid primum occurrit postquam damnum fibro musculari contigit?

<p>Inflammatio (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid est significantia collageni in regeneratione musculari?

<p>Collagenum compagem et soliditatem structurae ad regenerationem necessariam providet. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid consequitur cellulis satellitibus ubi musculus laesus est?

<p>Activantur et proliferantur (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid est munus essentiale MyoD in myogenesi?

<p>In initiatione differentiationis myoblastos (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid fit cum sarcotubulis et mitocondriis in parte DEGENERATIONIS post laesionem musculi?

<p>Balonitzatio (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quod ad regenerationem musculi post lesionem proximum est?

<p>Fusio myoblast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quod ex his signa est boni musculi regenerandi post lesionem?

<p>Preservatio laminae basalis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quae praecipue adiuvat incremento musculus ubi laesio est?

<p>Miores nuclei numerus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale munus collageni habeat in regeneratione musculorum?

<p>Auxilium structurale providere et compagem regeneration necessario (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quod agitur de cellulis satellitibus in laesione musculus?

<p>Activantur, deinde proliferantur (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid fit si sarcotubuli cum lesio musculi balonizantur?

<p>Denuntiat ruptura fibrarum muscularium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quae pars MyoD est in reformatione musculi?

<p>Ad dirigiendum cells at formandum myocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quiddam inflammationis consequitur postquam musculum rumpitur?

<p>Auget fluxus sanguinis et adiuvat regenerationem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid fit ubi satellite cells musculum sanant?

<p>Procreantur et ad auxilium myocytes mutantur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid est momenti membranae basalis ad sanciendam?

<p>Guidam et cells sustitnentandi ubi novis fibris formandis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid facit exircitatio ad musculum sananda et adaugent?

<p>Ad sustinendam fabricandae proteinis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ubinam cells satellites musculis situant?

<p>Iuxta membranam plasmicam et laminiam (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quae sequenta primarium processum regenerationem musculi sequitur post laesionem?

<p>Inflammatio → Cellula satellite activatio → Fusio meoblastorum → Hypertrophiae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quaequam factorum sequente magis magnam vim habet in bona fibra musculosa sananda post laesionem?

<p>Servatio lamina basales (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quaequam eventuum praecipue fit sarcotubulis et mitrochondrianis cum degeneration sequitur laesionem?

<p>Ampliant in magnitudinem, (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Praeter inflammationem et activationem cellulis satellitum, qui processi sequentes momenti quoque sunt in sanatione musculorum laesum?

<p>Procreatio et fusio meoblastorum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid est muneris principis satellite cells in sananda ruptionibus?

<p>Fatiscendae novas fibras musculis per myocytes factas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid facimus synthesi proteinis in musculis se sanent?

<p>Ad novas fibris fortabiliendas fabricanda (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quae eventa non sequerent postquam laedit musculus?

<p>Texti cicatrice fit, quoque non succedit sana. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid procreatio meoblastorum faceret?

<p>Ad iuvandum efficiundi de se fusione inter meoblastorum et myocytes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quodnam factorum praecipue in transitu mesodermalis paraxialis ad Somitogenesis implicatur?

<p>Incrementum expressionis BMP4. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quod ex his factoribus praecipue ad differentiam dermatomyotomorum ab somitis primitivis confert?

<p>Secretio Wnt signa ex ectodermo adiacente. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quomodo gena Hox functionem miogenesis afficiunt per mesodermum paraxialem?

<p>Gena Hox determinare identitates cranio-caudales somitarum et sequentium formationem musculorum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quodnam horum moleculorum principale est pro fusione myoblastorum in formatione myotuborum?

<p>Cadherina-N. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quod elementum sequitur regulatio MyoD in statu quiescenti cellulis satellitibus?

<p>Hypermethylation regionis promotoria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid est munus praecipuum follistatinae in regeneratione musculi post laesionem?

<p>Inhibitio myostatini, sic promovens augmentum et differentiam musculi. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quodnam signorum praecipue in differentia fibrae musculi scheletalis in adultos convertit postquam in myotubos formatae sunt?

<p>Dependentia in signalibus neurotrophicis ex neuronis motoriis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quomodo activatio JAK-STAT signalans iter afficit differentiam musculi?

<p>Prohibitionem proliferationis myoblasti promovit et differentiam accelerat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quodnam factorum praecipue ad determinationem inter fibram musculi typus I et typus II confert?

<p>Frequency patronum neuronis motorii firing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quodnum munus habent proteoglycani sicut syndecan-4 in regeneratione musculi?

<p>Interactionum factoris incrementi moderatio et conventus cytosceleti. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid sequitur ad activitatem telomereasium in myoblastis qui regenerationem musculi experiuntur?

<p>Stabilisatio longitudinis telomerorum et limitatio potentiae replicativae. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quomodo fibrosis severa regenerationem musculi post damnum afficit et quidnam therapiae est destinatum mitigandi hunc effectum?

<p>Impedimento formationis novarum fibrarum musculi afficit et duritiem musculi auget; therapiae cum inhibitore TGF-β ordinantur. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid munus exercet nitricus oxydum (NO) in reparatione musculi post injuriam?

<p>Vasodilationem promovet, ad locum laesionis traficum cellularem crescens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quae est significatio praesentiae cellularum inflammatoriarum, praecipue macrophagorum, in regeneratione musculi?

<p>Necessariae sunt ad purgationem debris cellularis et ad signa pro reparatione musculi activanda. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inter factores diversorum incrementi, quod incrementum factoris hepatocytam (HGF) munus primarium habet in activatione cellularum satellitum quiescientium post injuriam musculi?

<p>Laminae basalis rumpens cellulas satelles ab fibris musculis liberans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quomodo mutationes in compositione matricis extracellulares (ECM) regenerationem musculi sequentem injuriam afficiunt?

<p>Matricem extracellularem remodulando afficit accessum factorum incrementi et migrationem cellularem et alignment fibrarum musculi gubernat. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quae ex sequentibus accuratissime describit ordinationem temporalem clavem inter inflammationem et phasium regenerationem musculi post iniuriam?

<p>Inflammatio continuata chronica regenerationem impedit, cum resolutionem peractam et cellulas regenerativas activas postea quam prius adiuvat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quomodo physiotherapia regenerationem musculi sequentem laesionem, specie per mechanotransductionem afficit?

<p>Per mutationes transcriptionum et differentiarum cellularium mediandas per sensores mechanicos. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In contextu axonis laesionis, quae processus describit mechanismos et eventa per longitudinem nervi ab loco laesionis ad terminationem?

<p>Degeneratio Wallersiana (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quale munus cellulis Schwann habent in regeneratione nervorum periphericorum post axotomiam?

<p>Facilitatio remyelination axorum regenerantium praebendo auxilium trophicum et directionem. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quaenam molecula principalis est quae axonum dirigit dum incrementum cone peragit durante regeneratione post iniuriam?

<p>Cone-axonem repellens genitum versum (Netrin-1). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon called by which neurons proximate to an injury site sprout new nerve endings to reinnervate denervated targets?

<p>Sprouting collateralis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key signaling pathway is predominantly involved in promoting axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) after injury?

<p>MAPK/ERK signalatio. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process specifically involves the removal of damaged components and debris from the injured nerve to create an environment conducive for axonal regrowth?

<p>Phagocytosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of laminin in the context of nerve regeneration?

<p>Augmentum axona incrementa per via et afficiens cellularis adhaesionis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid implicatio pro reformatione connexionum synapticarum est, cum axona regenerant post læsionem?

<p>Potest competere plasticitatis et ad reformationem neurale circuitus necessarios cum recuperatione functio. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid habet effectum damnum severum nervorum proximantium pro reparatione vel regeneratione axonis?

<p>Potentiam regenerationis minuit crescens, et cicatrix auget difficultatem axona incrementa per. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In regeneravit neruos peripheralis post læsionem, quid praeter alignment axona, ad quod dirigitur?

<p>Improbat formationes proprias ad connexiones synapticas ad cellulas scopus restituentes function propriam. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which elementum clavis est in determinatione ut axon laesus in systemate nervorum peripheralum regenerat versus non sanant et in cicatrice evoluit solum?

<p>Servationis laminae basalis et præesentiae neurotrophi signali. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapia auxiaria nova ad impetrandam sanationem et convalescentiam post axonorum laessionis, quae utitur electrical stimulans?

<p>Augendo plasticitatem nervorum quae incrementi axona et functioni motorii adiuvat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In processibus diversis musculus regenerationem sequentem damno musculi scheletali, quid repraesens sequentis accurate gradus involucratas cellas satellitatas?

<p>Activationem, Proliferativitas, Differentiatio, Fusionis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significatus habet incrementum sanguinis, et vasorum creandorum sequentem laesionem musculi skeletalis?

<p>Vasorum creatio ad aream auxilium praebet nutritionibus praebendo, oxygenium et cellas immunes necessaria ad damna sananda. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecule, found in cellam matrix circum cellas texti musculus (satelliticos), et habet momentum in sanandis?

<p>Laminina. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quod agit musculus mechanicam habere ut augat musculum musculi sequentem rupturam?

<p>Inducens synthesis proteinarum, auxilians in molem augendum et in firmatatem musculus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inter varias phases regenerationis fibras musculi skeletali post lesa, quae respondit cum magna quantitate cellularum macrophagorum?

<p>Phase tardus, ubi inflammationem et detrimentum tollunt. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid facit cum actori principales translationem geneticum in myocytes qui iuvabat augere fibras musculi cum aucta et adlesa?

<p>Amplificat actionem quae auxilium in evolutionis proteinas quae auxilium in auctum musculi. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Post dirupta fibri musculosus quidnam agunt cellulæ satellicæ?

<p>Efficiuntur, dirumpant et componunt ad novo fibras musculi. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid Collagenum agit ut fibra restituendo?

<p>Collagnum format rigida cicatrix, impediendo firmitatem et novus generationem musculi. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quae sequenta maxime effecta procreandos meloblasti?

<p>Efficitur in fibram mulscuosam, quae augent et musculum formant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quodnam ex his factoribus primario implicatur in dissimilitudinem inter regenerationem et reparationem musculi laesi?

<p>Facultas cellularum satellitum ad integram structuram muscularis restituendam. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quam ob rem exercitatio corporalis moderata prodest regenerationi musculi post laesionem?

<p>Exercitatio auget fluxum sanguinis, liberans nutrimenta et hormonta quae cellularum incrementum stimulant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quid interest inter dermatomyotomum et sclerotomum in progressione mesodermi paraxialis?

<p>Sclerotomus praecursor est structurarum axialium cartilaginearum, cum dermatomyotomus musculos scheletales et partem dermidis format. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quomodo factores incrementi sicut TGF-β (factor incrementi transformans beta) afficiunt regenerationem musculi scheletalis post laesionem?

<p>TGF-β implicatur in depositionem matricis extracellulares (ECM) et formationem cicatricis, quae regenerationem impedit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quinam processus unique est regenerationi musculari post laesionem, qui non fit in reparacione simplici?

<p>Activatio, proliferatio, et differentiatio cellularum satellitum ad fibras musculares nuevas formandas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Miogenesis

Processus formationis textus muscularis.

Cellulae Satellitii

Cellulae quae adiuvant reparare fibras musculares laesas.

Mesodermum

Mesodermum, unde musculi derivantur.

Mesodermum Paraxiale

Pars mesodermi, formans somites.

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Mesodermum Intermedium

Pars mesodermi, generans musculaturam lissam systematis urogenitalis.

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Mesodermum Laterale

Mesodermum laterale dividitur in somatopleuram et splanchnopleuram.

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Myoblastus

Procursus mioblastorum.

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Myotubus

Fibra muscularis immatura.

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MyoD

Factor essentialis pro determinatione musculari.

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Lesio Muscularis

Distorquens ad fibras musculares

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Regeneratio

Processus reficiendi textum laesum per cellulas novas.

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Reparatio

Processus reparationis cum textu cicatricoso loco textus nativi.

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Plexus Capillaris

Vasorum sanguinis parvorum reticulum in musculo.

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Perimysium

Membrana circa fasciculum muscularem.

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Study Notes

  • Músculs i els seus annexos deriven del mesoderm.

Mesoderm

  • Mesoderm paraxial (1).

  • Mesoderm intermig (2).

  • Mesoderm lateral (3), somàtic (4) i esplàcnic (5).

  • Mesoblasto (corte transversal de un embrión de 3 semanas).

  • 1 - mesoblasto paraaxial.

  • 2- mesoblasto intermedio.

  • 3- mesoblasto lateral.

  • 4 - mesoblasto somático (somatopleura).

  • 5 - mesoblasto esplácnico (esplacnopleura).

  • Mesoderm paraxial somites dermàtom, miòtom i escleròtom.

  • 1.- tubo neural.

  • 2.- dermomiotomo.

  • 3.- miotomo.

  • 4.- esclerotomo.

  • 5.- notocorda.

  • 6- aorta.

  • 7- celoma.

  • 8 - tubo digestivo.

  • 9- mesoblasto esplácnico (esplacnopleura).

  • 10- cordón umbilical.

  • 11 - esbozo del miembro inf.

  • 12- esbozo del miembro sup.

  • 13- mesoblasto somático (somatopleura).

  • 14- parte epiaxial.

  • 15- parte hipoaxial.

  • 16 - matriz cartilaginosa del hueso.

  • 17-mm extensores.

  • 18- mm flexores.

  • Mesoderm paraxial somites dermàtom, miòtom i escleròtom.

  • Miòtoms precordals → musculatura ocular.

  • Miòtoms paracordals: occipitals → músculs llengua

  • espinals epiaxial muscul del raquis.

  • hipoaxial flexors del raquis, anteriors del coll, tòrax, abdomen, diafragma.

  • Dermatom → músculs cutanis i dermis.

  • Mesoderm intermig musculatura Ilisa dels conductes urogenitals.

  • Mesoderm lateral mesoderm branquial, somàtic i esplàcnic.

  • Mesoderm lateral mesoderm branquial, somàtic i esplacnic.

  • 1- Mesoderm branquial

  • m. mastegadors

  • m. de la cara

  • m. paladar, de la faringe i de la laringe

  • m. esternocleidomastoideu, trapezi

  • 2- Mesoderm somàtic o parietal

  • m. extremitats (ventral-flexor, dorsal-extensor)

  • m. diafragma toràcic

  • m. esfinters anal i urogenital

  • 3- Mesoderm esplàcnic o visceral

  • aparell digestiu

  • aparell respiratori

  • cor

  • vasos

  • bufeta

  • uretra

  • Desarrollo del sistema muscular.

  • 1 - miotomos preóticos.

  • 2 - mesodermo branquial.

  • 3 - miotomos occipitales.

  • 4 - miotomos cervicales.

  • 5 - miotomos torácicos.

  • 6- miotomos lumbares.

  • 7 - miotomos sacrococcígeos.

  • Las células satélite, los mioblastos, los condrocitos y los adipocitos provienen de progenitores mesenquimales.

  • Miogènesi, procés de determinació i formació del teixit muscular (Gilbert, 2000).

  • Embrió (Adult).

  • Las fibras musculares se crean a partir de la fusión de mioblastos, formando miofibras multinucleadas.

  • Miogènesi, procés de determinació i formació del teixit muscular (Gilbert, 2000).

  • Embrió.

  • Diferents etapes.

  • Inducció de les cèl·lules del dermatom (somita dorsal).

  • mioblastes epiaxials i hipoaxials (diferents senyals d'estímul).

  • epiaxials Wnt1 gen Myf5 (Pax 3).

  • hipoaxials Wnt7a, BMP4 i Noggin MyoD (Pax 3).

  • Proliferació i migració dels mioblasts.

  • Agregació mioblastes i diferenciació a miòcits (Qo - Satel·lit Pax7)).

  • canvi expressió proteica (activació cicle miogènic, MAPK p38).

  • Determinació tipus miòcit II ol (maduració).

  • Esquema de la diferenciación de células somíticas.

  • Esquema de la diferenciación entre células de tejido adiposo marrones, mioicitos, y células de tejido adiposo blanco.

Annexes musculars

  • Fascies i envans
  • Bursa sinovials
  • Esquema del brazo con los anexos musculares.
  • Vascularització.
  • Venes.
  • Artèries (perimisi // fibres musculars).
  • Capil·lars (2000 cap/mm²).
  • Irrigació del músculo.

Miogènesi

  • Migració de somites a mioblastes.
  • Proliferació y diferenciación de mioblastos.
  • Fusión de mioblastos a miotubos
  • Il·lot de cel·lules.
  • Fusió de cel·lules.
  • Mioblast.
  • Miotub.
  • Connexions cel·lulars.
  • Miogènesi - Miotub.
  • Esquema de la miofibrilogènesi.
  • Miofibres preexistents y neo formades.
  • Ensamblaje.
  • Miofibrilogènesi elongadora.

Miogènesis - Factors reguladors.

  • Molècules MEC.
  • Factors creixement.
  • MGF.
  • Innervació.
  • Hormones anabòliques.

Factors reguladors

  • Molècules MEC.
  • Migració, proliferació, fusió, diferenciació.
  • Les principales son Colageno VI y V, Laminina, Fibronectina, Integrina, N-Cadherina, Vesicano, Sindecan, N-CAM, A-CAM.

Factors de creixement

  • Factores de creixement.
  • FGF.
  • IL-GF.
  • PDGF.
  • TGF-beta.
  • Altres (oncogens).
  • Control transcripcional y traslacional.

Reparació muscular

  • Cultivo células madre no diferenciadas.
  • Celulas neuronales.
  • Pluripotente.
  • Músculo cardíaco.
  • Cèl·lula satèl·lit (entre la làmina externa i la membrana plasmàtica de la fibra).
  • Esquema de la celula satélite en una fibra muscular.
  • Proceso de regeneración de la fibra muscular dañada.
  • Proceso de migración y reparación en una fibra.
  • Las miofibras tienen diversos mionúcleos, y en el caso de daño, las células satélite pueden ayudan las reparación.

El creixement i reparació en els teixits

  • Creixement i reparació Esquelètic, Cardíac, Llis
  • Mitosis.
  • Resposta a la demanda.
  • Regeneració.
  • Tenir molts de mionuclis
  • major potencial de reparació i hipertrofia per mitjà de la síntesis de proteïnes

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