Mercury and Cadmium Compounds Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which property makes White Phosphorus the most reactive allotrope of phosphorus?

It has a tetrahedral molecular structure.

It has a high bond angle between its atoms.

It is stored under oil to prevent ignition. (correct)

It forms strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

What is the primary use of diphosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)?

As an expectorant in medicinal mixtures.

In the production of phosphoric acid.

In the formulation of carminative solutions.

As a gas drying agent. (correct)

Which compound is known as 'Spirit of Mindererus'?

Ammonium chloride solution.

Ammonium carbonate solution.

Aromatic ammonia spirit.

Ammonium acetate solution. (correct)

What distinguishes red phosphorus from white phosphorus?

It is less reactive than white phosphorus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about phosphoric acid is correct?

It acts as a gastric stimulant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pharmaceutical use of elemental mercury?

As an ointment for syphilis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a chronic effect of mercury poisoning?

Hydrargyrism Signup and view all the answers

What is mercuric chloride primarily known for?

Serving as a disinfectant hand wash Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Mayer's reagent?

To test for ammonia in water Signup and view all the answers

Which mercury compound is specifically used for treating eczema?

Ammoniated mercury Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mercury compounds is known as 'Blue Mass'?

Mercurial ointment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of mercuric iodide in pharmaceutical preparations?

Preparing Donovan's Solution Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds can be used as a skin antiseptic?

Mercuric oxide Signup and view all the answers

Which aluminum compound is known to be used as an antacid and protective agent during the treatment of peptic ulcers?

Aluminum hydroxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the main use of sodium borate, commonly known as Borax?

As a water-softener Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the elements in Group IIIA?

Only aluminum has significant pharmaceutical applications. Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is known for its astringent properties and is used in skin treatments?

Aluminum acetate solution Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT established for medicinal or pharmaceutical use?

Gallium Signup and view all the answers

What role does sodium perborate serve in medical applications?

Treatment for Vincent's angina Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of IIIA group hydroxides?

They are amphoteric. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary use of boric acid in medicine?

Both B and C Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is primarily used in the treatment of acne?

Calcium sulfide Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of barium sulfate?

Radiopaque contrast media Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about strontium is correct?

It emits a crimson red color in a flame. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does magnesium have in its salts?

Antacid and laxative Signup and view all the answers

Which barium compound is used to alleviate constipation in horses?

Barium chloride Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of magnesium citrate?

Laxative and cathartic Signup and view all the answers

What color does barium emit in a non-luminous flame?

Yellowish green Signup and view all the answers

Beryllium is primarily used in which of the following applications?

Wires for pianos and scientific instruments Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of sodium thiosulfate when administered intravenously?

Treatment for iodine and cyanide poisoning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is known as 'Glauber's salt' and serves as a saline laxative?

Sodium sulfate Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of sodium bicarbonate in Soda Mint?

Acts as a carminative and antacid Signup and view all the answers

What does sodium citrate solution primarily act as?

Diaphoretic that increases sweating Signup and view all the answers

Which sodium compound is used as an external treatment for ringworm infections?

Sodium borate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a property of sodium hypochlorite solution?

It serves as a bleaching agent. Signup and view all the answers

What is sodium acetate primarily used for in medical applications?

A diuretic in cases of cardiac edema Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following salts serves primarily as a solubilizing agent in iodine solutions?

Sodium iodide Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cadmium Sulfide

Employed as yellow pigment "Jaune Brilliant"

Mercury

Latin name hydrargyrum, "Liquid silver or quick silver"
Shining silvery-white metal liquid
Forms amalgams (alloys) with many metals
HYDRARGYRISM - chronic Hg poisoning
Minamata disease - methylmercury poisoning in Japan

Pharmaceutical Uses of Mercury

Elemental Mercury
- Quicksilver, hydrargyrum
  - As ointment - treatment of syphilis and crab-louse infestation
  - Used in metallurgy of gold and silver
  - Used in amalgams, thermometers, barometers
- Blue ointment
  - Mild mercurial ointment
- Strong mercurial ointment
  - 9-10% Hg
  - Parasiticide
- Mercurial ointment
  - 47.5-52.5% Hg
    - Treatment of syphilis
    - Mercury Mass
      - Blue Mass, Blue Pill
      - Cathartic
    - Mercury with Chalk
      - laxative
Ammoniated mercury
- "White precipitate"
- As dusting powder - treatment of eczema and parasitic skin diseases
Mercuric chloride
- Corrosive sublimate, mercury bichloride
- Extremely poisonous
- Germicidal
  - 0.10% concentration - Disinfectant hand wash
- Used in preparing Yellow Lotion (Lotio flava, Yellow wash)
Mercuric cyanide
- Antiseptic, antisyphilitic
Mercuric iodide
- Mixed with KI to prepare Mayer's reagent - a testing agent for alkaloids
- Mayer's reagent + KOH → Nessler's reagent (test for ammonia in water)
- Irritant poison
- Action similar to mercuric chloride
- Used to prepare Donovan's Solution
Mercuric oxide
- Yellow HgO
  - "yellow precipitate", 99.5% HgO
  - Fine impalpable powder
  - As ophthalmic ointment - antiseptic
- Red HgO
  - "red precipitate", 1% HgO
  - Coarse powder
  - As ointment - skin antiseptic
Mercurous chloride
- Also called "White precipitate" in French prescriptions
- "Calomel, subchloride of mercury"
- Cathartic
- Used in preparation of Black Lotion (Lotio nigra, Black wash)
Mercuric nitrate
- Component of Millon's reagent (test for proteins)
- As ointment - antiseptic

Group IIIA - The Boron Group

"Triels", Trivalent, +3
IIIA - B, Al, Ga, In, TI
IIIA forms ALUMS
IIIA hydroxides are amphoteric

Boron

Elemental form is never employed in medicine and pharmacy
Boric acid
- "Boracic acid"
- Used as dusting powder or ointment base
- Antiseptic
- Used in preparation of Lister's solution (antiseptic mouthwash)
Sodium borate
- "Borax", sodium tetraborate
- Bacteriostatic (as eye-wash and wet dressing)
- Water-softener
Sodium perborate
- Treatment of Vincent's angina "trench mouth"
- Dentifrice

Aluminum

Used in making cooking utensils, instruments due to its lightness, strength and non-corrosive property
Aluminum chloride
- Antiseptic and astringent
- Used as catalyst in organic synthesis (Friedel-Craft's Reaction)
Aluminum hydroxide
- Used as dry mordant
- Combined with organic dyes to form lakes
- Aluminum hydroxide gel
  - Colloidal aluminum hydroxide
  - Antacid and protective in the treatment of peptic ulcer
Aluminum phosphate
- As gel - antacid, astringent, demulcent
Aluminum silicates
- Kaolin
  - Native hydrated aluminum silicate
    - Adsorbent used in diarrhea due to food poisoning
- Bentonite
  - Absorbent - ulcers and moist infections
    - Native colloidal hydrated aluminum silicate
    - Stabilize emulsions
    - Suspending agent
    - Clarifying agent
    - Adsorbent
- Pumice
  - Of volcanic origin, complex silicates of Al, Na, and K
  - Used as distributing agent
Aluminum sulfate
- As solution - antiseptic and astringent
Aluminum subacetate solution
- Excellent source of aluminum hydroxide
Aluminum acetate solution
- "Burow's solution"
- Aluminum subacetate solution + Glacial acetic acid
- Antiseptic and astringent on skin
Alum
- Potassium (or ammonium) aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate
- Astringent

Thallium

Thallium acetate
- Formerly used in creams as depilatory
- Very toxic
Gallium and Indium have little to no medicinal/pharmaceutical importance.

Group IIIB - The Scandium Group

IIIB - Sc, Y
Yttrium and Scandium have little to no medicinal/pharmaceutical importance.

Ammonium Carbonate

"Sal volatile, Preston salt, Hartshorn"
Reflex stimulant
Expectorant
Aromatic Ammonia Spirit
- Gastric stimulant, carminative, antacid
Ammonium acetate solution
- "Spirit of Mindererus"
Expectorant Mixture
- "Mistura pectoralis, Stoke's Expectorant"
Ammonium Chloride
- "Muriate of Ammonia, Sal ammoniac"
- Expectorant, diuretic

Phosphorus

Greek word - "I bear light" → phosphorescence
Properties
- Allotropes
  - White P-most reactive; stored under kerosene
  - Red P-less reactive than White P
  - Scarlet P - obtained by heating PI3 with Hg; mixed w/ potassium chlorate to make matches
  - Violet P - obtained by heating white P with Na
  - Black P - obtained by heating P with Pb; least reactive
Hydrides of Phosphorus
- Phosphine (PH3)
  - Colorless, poisonous gas with rotten fish odor
  - Product of putrefaction of organic material
  - Phosphorescence → "will-o-wisp or ignus fatuus"
Halides of Phosphorus
- PF3, PF5, PCI3, PCI5, PBr3, PBr5, Pl3
Sulfides of Phosphorus
- P2S5, P4S7, P4S3
Oxides of Phosphorus
- Diphosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)
  - "Flowers of P"
  - Used for drying gases
Acids of Phosphorus
- Phosphoric acid
  - Orthophosphoric acid
  - A triprotic acid
  - Used as gastric tonic and stimulant
  - Diluted form - treatment of Pb poisoning

Sodium

Sodium biphosphate
- sodium dihydrogen phosphate
- monobasic sodium phosphate
- Urinary acidifier
Sodium thiocyanate
- antihypertensive
Sodium thiosulfate
- External: ringworm infection
- IV: dermatitis
- Treatment for iodine and cyanide poisoning
Sodium sulfate
- "Glauber's salt"
- Saline laxative
Sodium borate
- "Borax", sodium tetraborate
- Bacteriostatic (as eye-wash and wet dressing)
- Water-softener
Sodium bromide
- Sedative
Sodium iodide
- Solubilizing agent in iodine solution
- Histolytic - destroys tissues
- Expectorant
Sodium hypochlorite
- Sodium hypochlorite Solution (5% NaOCl)
  - laundry bleaching agent
  - Labarraque's Solution
    - NaOCI diluted with equal volume of water
    - Oxidizing and bleaching agent
  - Modified Dakin's solution
    - Diluted NaOCI solution (0.5%)
    - Disinfectant, irrigating solution for wound
Compound effervescent powders
- "Seidlitz powders"
- Mild laxative
- Comes in:
  - Blue paper - sodium bicarbonate and potassium sodium tartrate
  - White paper - tartaric acid
  - Reaction → CO2 (effervescence) → Increases palatability
Soda Mint
- Sodium bicarbonate + aromatic ammonia
- Carminative, antacid
Soda lime
- Calcium hydroxide + Na/K hydroxides
- Absorbs CO2
- For metabolism tests, anesthesia, oxygen therapy
Sodium bicarbonate and Calcium carbonate powder
- "Sippy Powder No. 1"
- Antacid
Sodium citrate solution
- Diaphoretic - increases sweating
Compound sodium borate solution
- "Dobell's solution"
- Astringent, antiseptic
Theobromine and Sodium acetate
- Diuretic in cardiac edemas
Sodium nitrate
- "Chile saltpeter"
- Manufacture of nitric acid and fertilizer

Potassium

Latin name Kalium, obtained from Salsola kali
Isolated by Sir Humphry Davy from potash - various mined and manufactured potassium salts
Violet color in non-luminous flame
K+ - predominant cation in ICF
Potassium acetate
- diuretic
Potassium bicarbonate
- Antacid, urinary alkalizer
Potassium bitartrate
- "Cream of Tartar"
- Diuretic, laxative
Potassium bromide
- sedative
Potassium carbonate
- Alkalizer in pharmaceutical preparations

Calcium Sulfide

Sulfurated lime, calcic liver of sulfur, hepar calcis
Treatment of acne

Strontium

Isolated by Sir Humphry Davy (through electrolysis)
Found in nature in the form of sulfate (barite, heavy spar)
Crimson red in non-luminous flame
Similar with Ca+2 ion but has weaker effect and less toxic
Strontium bromide
- sedative
Strontium hydroxide
- Used in sugar industry
Strontium nitrate
- Used in pyrotechnics

Barium

Yellowish green in non-luminous flame
Ba+2 is highly toxic
Barium chloride
- Used in the treatment of Stokes-Adams disease ("heart-block")
- Veterinary use: constipation in horses
- Rat poison
Barium sulfate
- Radiopaque contrast media
  - Oral: Barium meal
  - Rectal: Barium enema
- Commercial use: making lithopone paints
Barium hydroxide
- "Caustic baryta"
- Aqueous solution → baryta water
- Use: CO2-absorbent
Barium nitrate
- Used in manufacture of green fire
Barium oxide
- "Calcined baryta"
- Used in manufacture of hydrogen peroxide
Barium sulfide
- Depilatory - removes hair from skin

Beryllium

Named after mineral beryl
Aka "glucinum" - sweet taste
Be+2 - toxic
Never employed in medicine; used in wires for pianos and scientific instruments

Magnesium

First isolated by Sir Humphry Davy, named after town called Magnesia
Found in the forms of
- Talc - native hydrated magnesium silicate
- Dolomite - CaCO3 MgCO3
- Kieserite - native magnesium sulfate
Burns with a blinding white light - used in photography and pyrotechnics
Mg-salts are laxative.- Mg+2 - 2nd most abundant cation in the ICF
Magnesium carbonate
- "Magnesia alba"
- Antacid, laxative
- Clarifying or filtering agent in syrups
- Abrasive in tooth powders
Magnesium citrate
- Laxative, cathartic
Magnesium hydroxide
- Antacid with mild laxative effect
- Magnesia magma
  - "Milk of Magnesia"
    - A suspension prepared by hydration of MgO
Magnesium oxide
- Antacid, laxative
- "Magnesia"
  - Light - made by heating MgCO3 to dull redness
  - Heavy - MgSO4 + Na2CO3 → heat
Tribasic magnesium phosphate
- Antacid
Magnesium sulfate
- As heptahydrate → Epsom salt
- Saline cathartic

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Explore the properties and pharmaceutical uses of mercury and cadmium compounds. This quiz covers their physical characteristics, historical significance, and various applications, including the treatment of diseases and their risks. Test your knowledge about these essential elements and their implications in modern science.