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Questions and Answers
What are the primary volatile oil components found in Mentha piperita?
What are the primary volatile oil components found in Mentha piperita?
- Camphor and Cineole
- Eugenol and Thymol
- Geraniol and Linalool
- Menthol and Menthone (correct)
Which chemical test is used to primarily detect the presence of flavonoids?
Which chemical test is used to primarily detect the presence of flavonoids?
- Ferric chloride test
- Vanillin / $H_2SO_4$ test
- KOH test (correct)
- Sudan III test
Which medicinal property of peppermint helps in relieving gases?
Which medicinal property of peppermint helps in relieving gases?
- Antibacterial
- Antispasmodic
- Carminative (correct)
- Cholagogue
What is the color of the solution when tannins react with ferric chloride in the confirmatory test?
What is the color of the solution when tannins react with ferric chloride in the confirmatory test?
What is the primary reason for using enteric-coated capsules containing peppermint oil?
What is the primary reason for using enteric-coated capsules containing peppermint oil?
In Mentha piperita, what is the arrangement of leaves described as?
In Mentha piperita, what is the arrangement of leaves described as?
Which term best describes the inflorescence of Mentha piperita?
Which term best describes the inflorescence of Mentha piperita?
What does 'glabrous' describe in the context of leaf surface?
What does 'glabrous' describe in the context of leaf surface?
What is the family of Mentha piperita?
What is the family of Mentha piperita?
Identify the term that describes the stalk of a leaf.
Identify the term that describes the stalk of a leaf.
If a plant extract gives a red color with Sudan III test, what type of compound is likely present?
If a plant extract gives a red color with Sudan III test, what type of compound is likely present?
Which characteristic is associated with Labiaceous glandular hair?
Which characteristic is associated with Labiaceous glandular hair?
What application of peppermint leverages its antibacterial and cooling properties?
What application of peppermint leverages its antibacterial and cooling properties?
What term describes the shape of the stem of Mentha piperita?
What term describes the shape of the stem of Mentha piperita?
Which medicinal use of peppermint directly affects the liver?
Which medicinal use of peppermint directly affects the liver?
Which of the following describes the margin of Mentha piperita leaves?
Which of the following describes the margin of Mentha piperita leaves?
What type of stomata is found in the epidermis of Mentha?
What type of stomata is found in the epidermis of Mentha?
How does peppermint relieve Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?
How does peppermint relieve Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?
What color will crystals of menthol turn when vanillin, $H_2SO_4$ and water are added?
What color will crystals of menthol turn when vanillin, $H_2SO_4$ and water are added?
Which of the following leaf characteristics applies to Mentha piperita?
Which of the following leaf characteristics applies to Mentha piperita?
Which part of Mentha piperita is used medicinally?
Which part of Mentha piperita is used medicinally?
What is the function of antispasmodic agents like peppermint?
What is the function of antispasmodic agents like peppermint?
What is indicated by the presence of wavy anticlinal walls in epidermal cells?
What is indicated by the presence of wavy anticlinal walls in epidermal cells?
Which of the following is a side effect of peppermint due to the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter?
Which of the following is a side effect of peppermint due to the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter?
Which test specifically confirms the presence of tannins?
Which test specifically confirms the presence of tannins?
What benefit does peppermint offer when applied to the skin?
What benefit does peppermint offer when applied to the skin?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the flowers of Mentha piperita?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the flowers of Mentha piperita?
Which characteristic is associated with capitate hair?
Which characteristic is associated with capitate hair?
What is phyllotaxis?
What is phyllotaxis?
If a plant extract gives an orange, yellow and violet color with Vanillin / $H_2SO_4$ test, what type of compound is likely present?
If a plant extract gives an orange, yellow and violet color with Vanillin / $H_2SO_4$ test, what type of compound is likely present?
What volatile components can the medicinal uses of peppermint be attributed to?
What volatile components can the medicinal uses of peppermint be attributed to?
What medicinal effect does peppermint have on the digestive system?
What medicinal effect does peppermint have on the digestive system?
What are the key characteristics of leaves?
What are the key characteristics of leaves?
How does Mentha piperita contribute to relieving Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?
How does Mentha piperita contribute to relieving Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?
What is the expected color change when vanillin and $H_2SO_4$ are added to menthol crystals, followed by water, in a confirmatory test?
What is the expected color change when vanillin and $H_2SO_4$ are added to menthol crystals, followed by water, in a confirmatory test?
Why are enteric-coated capsules used to deliver peppermint oil for gastrointestinal conditions?
Why are enteric-coated capsules used to deliver peppermint oil for gastrointestinal conditions?
Considering its morphology, which characteristic is unique to the stems of Mentha piperita?
Considering its morphology, which characteristic is unique to the stems of Mentha piperita?
Given its known medicinal uses, which property of peppermint would be most effective in a product designed to relieve flatulence and bloating?
Given its known medicinal uses, which property of peppermint would be most effective in a product designed to relieve flatulence and bloating?
Flashcards
Origin of Mentha (Peppermint)
Origin of Mentha (Peppermint)
The dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha piperita.
Active Constituents of Mentha
Active Constituents of Mentha
Volatile oil (menthol and menthone), flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, and triterpenes.
Sudan III Test
Sudan III Test
For any volatile oil, gives a red color with Sudan III.
Vanillin / H2SO4 Test
Vanillin / H2SO4 Test
For menthol, crystals of menthol give with vanillin + H2SO4 orange yellow color; then + water will turn into violet color.
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KOH Test
KOH Test
For flavonoids, gives a yellow color with KOH.
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Ferric Chloride Test
Ferric Chloride Test
For tannins, gives a green color with ferric chloride.
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Cholagogue Effect
Cholagogue Effect
Increasing the flow of digestive juices and bile.
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Antispasmodic Effect
Antispasmodic Effect
Relaxing the muscles of the gut, reducing colic and cramps.
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Carminative Effect
Carminative Effect
Relieving gases.
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Relief
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Relief
Relieves a spastic colon and helps both diarrhea and constipation.
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Peppermint for Pain Relief
Peppermint for Pain Relief
Applied to the skin to relieve pain; relieves headaches and migraines.
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Peppermint for Infections
Peppermint for Infections
Antibacterial, antifungal, cooling, and anesthetic to the skin; diluted oil used as inhalant and chest rub.
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Side Effect of Peppermint
Side Effect of Peppermint
Heartburn (gastroesophageal reflux) due to relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter.
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Solution to Peppermint Side Effects
Solution to Peppermint Side Effects
Enteric-coated capsules allow delivery to the intestines and reduce the possibility of heartburn.
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Stem Morphology of Peppermint
Stem Morphology of Peppermint
Erect and quadrangular (square).
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Leaves Color of Peppermint
Leaves Color of Peppermint
Color of both stem and leaves are light green to dark green with purplish tinge.
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Petiole of Peppermint Leaves
Petiole of Peppermint Leaves
Shortly petiolate.
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Leaf Blade Morphology of Peppermint
Leaf Blade Morphology of Peppermint
Apex is acute, Surface is nearly glabrous, Margin is serrate, Form (Type) is simple.
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Phyllotaxis of Peppermint
Phyllotaxis of Peppermint
Opposite decussate.
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Flowers of Peppermint
Flowers of Peppermint
Spikes with sessile flowers on the axis (no petiole, no stalk).
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Labiaceous glandular hair
Labiaceous glandular hair
Secretion of Volatile oil.
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Capitate hair
Capitate hair
Same as digitalis.
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Mentha (Peppermint)
- Origin is the dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha piperita, from the Family Labiatae.
Active Constituents
- Volatile oil obtained by steam distillation is a major component consisting of Menthol (35-55%) and Menthone (10-40%).
- Flavonoids are dominant.
- Other active constituents include Phenolic acids, Tannins (polyphenolic compounds which act as antiseptics), and Triterpenes.
Confirmatory Chemical Tests
- Sudan III test: tests for volatile oil which gives a red color with Sudan III.
- Vanillin / H2SO4 test: used for menthol where menthol crystals with vanillin + H2SO4 result in an orange/yellow color that turns violet with water.
- KOH test: tests for flavonoids which give a yellow color with KOH.
- Ferric chloride test: tests for tannins giving a green color with ferric chloride.
Medicinal Uses
- Due to the presence of volatile oils (menthol) and flavonoids, Peppermint is used in gastrointestinal (GIT) problems.
- Cholagogue: Increases the flow of digestive juices and bile in the GIT.
- Antispasmodic: Relaxes the muscles of the gut, reducing liver colic and cramps.
- Carminative: Relieves gases.
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Peppermint relieves a spastic colon, helping with both diarrhea and constipation.
- Peppermint is used as a pain reliever.
- Applied to the skin it relieves headaches and migraines.
- Peppermint is used in infections for its antibacterial and antifungal properties.
- Diluted oil can be used as an inhalant and chest rub for respiratory infections.
- Peppermint is used as a flavoring agent in oral preparations such as toothpaste and mouth washes.
Side Effects
- Heartburn can occur due to relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, which prevents return of food.
- Solution: Enteric-coated capsules allow delivery to the intestines, reducing the possibility of heartburn by not opening in the stomach.
Morphology
- The drug has an aromatic odor and taste followed by a cold sensation in the mouth.
- Stem: Erect and quadrangular (square).
- Leaves: Light to dark green with a purplish tinge.
- Petiole: Short.
- Lamina (leaf blade):
- Apex is acute.
- Surface is nearly glabrous.
- Margin is serrate.
- Type is simple.
- Phyllotaxis is opposite decussate.
- Flowers are spikes with sessile flowers on the axis (no petiole, no stalk).
Key Elements (KOH mount of powdered plant)
- Epidermal cells: Showing diacytic stomata with wavy anticlinal walls.
- Labiaceous glandular hair: Characteristic of Mentha; for the secretion of volatile oil.
- Capitate hair: Characteristic of Mentha, same as digitalis.
- Non-glandular hair: Multicellular uniseriate.
- Hexagonal pollen grain.
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