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What percentage of the responses were correct on average?
What percentage of the responses were correct on average?
The reaction times for rotation in depth were longer than for rotation in the picture plane.
The reaction times for rotation in depth were longer than for rotation in the picture plane.
False
What was the typical reaction time error percentage among the responses?
What was the typical reaction time error percentage among the responses?
3.2%
The visual angle subtended by the objects was ___ °.
The visual angle subtended by the objects was ___ °.
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Which of the following functions did the reaction times exhibit?
Which of the following functions did the reaction times exhibit?
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What was the main instruction given to the subjects during the experiment?
What was the main instruction given to the subjects during the experiment?
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Match the following aspects of the study with their corresponding details:
Match the following aspects of the study with their corresponding details:
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In the 'mixed' blocks, what was unpredictable?
In the 'mixed' blocks, what was unpredictable?
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What was the maximum angle difference for the orientation pairs of the views selected?
What was the maximum angle difference for the orientation pairs of the views selected?
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All parts of the object were visible in the selected views.
All parts of the object were visible in the selected views.
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How many perspective views of each object were selected?
How many perspective views of each object were selected?
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The views were reproduced using a _______ process.
The views were reproduced using a _______ process.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What does mental rotation allow individuals to do?
What does mental rotation allow individuals to do?
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Mirror images are considered the same shape in mental rotation tasks.
Mirror images are considered the same shape in mental rotation tasks.
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What was the rotation rate reported by Shepard & Metzler's participants?
What was the rotation rate reported by Shepard & Metzler's participants?
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The absolute rotation angle determines the __________ during mental rotation.
The absolute rotation angle determines the __________ during mental rotation.
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Match the following researchers with their key findings regarding mental rotation:
Match the following researchers with their key findings regarding mental rotation:
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Which of the following shapes were used in Shepard & Metzler's experiment?
Which of the following shapes were used in Shepard & Metzler's experiment?
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Participants only needed to rotate the stimuli to match their orientation fully to make decisions.
Participants only needed to rotate the stimuli to match their orientation fully to make decisions.
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What experiment did Shepard & Metzler conduct in 1971?
What experiment did Shepard & Metzler conduct in 1971?
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What type of transformation is mentioned in the content that relates to mental rotation?
What type of transformation is mentioned in the content that relates to mental rotation?
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Subjects claimed that they could carry out mental rotation with different levels of ease depending on the axis of rotation.
Subjects claimed that they could carry out mental rotation with different levels of ease depending on the axis of rotation.
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How many pairs of perspective line drawings were each subject presented with during the experiment?
How many pairs of perspective line drawings were each subject presented with during the experiment?
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The subjects were asked to pull a right-hand lever as soon as they determined that the two drawings portrayed objects that were __________ with respect to three-dimensional shape.
The subjects were asked to pull a right-hand lever as soon as they determined that the two drawings portrayed objects that were __________ with respect to three-dimensional shape.
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What was the purpose of using relatively unfamiliar three-dimensional objects in the experiment?
What was the purpose of using relatively unfamiliar three-dimensional objects in the experiment?
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Each object consisted of ten solid three-dimensional shapes that were familiar to the subjects.
Each object consisted of ten solid three-dimensional shapes that were familiar to the subjects.
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What did subjects need to imagine in order to make comparisons between the two-dimensional pictures?
What did subjects need to imagine in order to make comparisons between the two-dimensional pictures?
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What type of pairs differed by a multiple of a 20° rotation about a vertical axis?
What type of pairs differed by a multiple of a 20° rotation about a vertical axis?
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All same pairs in the study represented objects that had a 20° rotation.
All same pairs in the study represented objects that had a 20° rotation.
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What were two appropriately different perspective views used for?
What were two appropriately different perspective views used for?
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The pairs that differed by some multiple of a 20° rotation in the plane of the drawings were called ______.
The pairs that differed by some multiple of a 20° rotation in the plane of the drawings were called ______.
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Match the following types of pairs with their descriptions:
Match the following types of pairs with their descriptions:
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What is the main focus of the study described in the content?
What is the main focus of the study described in the content?
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What is the main characteristic that distinguishes depth pairs?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes depth pairs?
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The study included 1600 pairs of visual stimuli.
The study included 1600 pairs of visual stimuli.
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Perspective views were generated in the same plane for depth pairs.
Perspective views were generated in the same plane for depth pairs.
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What was the mean reaction time found for the pairs?
What was the mean reaction time found for the pairs?
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What was the rotation angle used to differentiate the object pairs?
What was the rotation angle used to differentiate the object pairs?
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Each trial began with a warning tone, followed by the presentation of a stimulus pair and a ______ onset of a timer.
Each trial began with a warning tone, followed by the presentation of a stimulus pair and a ______ onset of a timer.
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How many unique pairs were included in the 'same' pairs category?
How many unique pairs were included in the 'same' pairs category?
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Each 'different' pair was found to have a rotation distinction.
Each 'different' pair was found to have a rotation distinction.
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How long was the reaction time for the highly practiced subjects?
How long was the reaction time for the highly practiced subjects?
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Study Notes
Mental Rotation
- Mental rotation is the manipulation of object representations in the mind.
- Shepard & Metzler (1971) conducted a famous experiment where participants compared images of shapes or mirror images, determining if they were the same or different.
- The images were 3-dimensional block segments rotated in depth or in a plane.
- Participants mentally rotated the images to match orientations.
- Reaction time (decision time) directly correlated with the angle of rotation between stimuli (0-180 degrees).
- The rotation rate was 60 degrees per second.
- Cooper & Shepard (1973) expanded the study, using familiar stimuli like letters with a wider range of rotation values.
- This later study suggested that the absolute rotation angle determined the time course of mental rotation.
- In other words, participants rotate the stimuli only as much as needed to identify the figures.
Mental Rotation of Three-Dimensional Objects
- Determining if two 2D images depict the same 3D object involves recognizing identical 3D shape despite differing orientations.
- Time required increases linearly with the angular difference in orientation.
- The time required for rotation in depth is the same as for rotations in the picture plane.
- Subjects often report a mental rotation process to match the orientations.
- Average rate of mental rotation is approximately 60 degrees per second.
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Description
Explore the fascinating topic of mental rotation, which involves visualizing and manipulating objects in your mind. Delve into key experiments by Shepard & Metzler and Cooper & Shepard that reveal how our perception of 3D objects influences reaction times based on the angle of rotation. Test your understanding of these concepts and their implications for cognitive psychology.
