Mental Health Standards and Critique
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Questions and Answers

What is a key criterion of ideal mental health according to Jahoda?

  • Ability to cope with stress (correct)
  • Isolation from society
  • Lack of ambition
  • Dependence on others

Why is Jahoda's definition of ideal mental health considered comprehensive?

  • It focuses solely on physical health.
  • It emphasizes only cognitive factors.
  • It is exclusively based on individual traits.
  • It covers a broad range of criteria. (correct)

What limitation does Jahoda’s definition have regarding cultural relevance?

  • It is too simplistic for cultural comparisons.
  • It applies equally to all cultures.
  • It is primarily tailored to Western cultures. (correct)
  • It encourages collectivism.

What aspect of self-actualization does Jahoda’s definition emphasize?

<p>Personal achievement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an unrealistic aspect of Jahoda's criteria for mental health?

<p>Very few achieve all criteria simultaneously. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a positive outcome suggested by Jahoda’s definition of mental health?

<p>It highlights potential areas for improvement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about mental health based on Jahoda’s definition?

<p>Anyone can achieve perfect mental health. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Jahoda’s definition depict individuals who do not meet all criteria?

<p>As potentially abnormal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion of failing to function adequately?

<p>Understanding body language (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential strength of Jahoda's criteria for assessing mental health?

<p>Considers subjective patient experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might statistical infrequency be applied in diagnosing intellectual disabilities?

<p>Measuring IQ scores below a certain threshold (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation does statistical infrequency have regarding personality traits?

<p>It disregards context of the individual's lifestyle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors could be labeled as abnormal under the deviation from social norms criterion?

<p>Having antisocial personality disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk of labeling individuals based on statistical infrequency?

<p>Labeling positive characteristics as disorders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a limitation of failing to function adequately?

<p>It may ignore alternative lifestyles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Rosenham and Seligman suggest is an aspect of failing to function adequately?

<p>Experiencing irrational or dangerous behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a consequence of labeling individuals as abnormal based on statistical infrequency?

<p>Negative self-perception and stigma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one criticism of utilizing deviation from social norms in defining abnormality?

<p>It ignores cultural differences in behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Jahoda's criteria, what is considered a strength regarding the assessment of mental health?

<p>It captures the lived experiences of individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How could failing to function adequately potentially harm individuals?

<p>By limiting personal freedom and choices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach can lead to bias in mental health judgments according to the limitations discussed?

<p>Reliance on personal judgment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long do flooding sessions typically last?

<p>2-3 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method through which flooding aims to treat phobias?

<p>Classical conditioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can flooding be considered a cost-effective treatment?

<p>It typically produces quicker results (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of phobia may flooding be less effective for?

<p>Social phobia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of flooding related to its patient experience?

<p>It can be a traumatic experience for patients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does flooding differ in intensity compared to systematic desensitization?

<p>Flooding offers a quicker exposure to phobias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to a patient's anxiety levels during a flooding session?

<p>They rise initially but then reduce (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenarios might flooding be performed in vitro?

<p>When direct exposure is too difficult (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is flooding considered less useful as a one-size-fits-all treatment?

<p>It does not address cognitive aspects in complex phobias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes flooding's approach to treatment?

<p>Intense and immediate exposure to phobia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial process by which phobias are acquired according to the model?

<p>Classical conditioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does operant conditioning play in the maintenance of phobias?

<p>It reinforces avoidance behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements presents a limitation of the two process model?

<p>It does not account for evolutionary factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case study of Little Albert, which stimulus was initially neutral before conditioning?

<p>The white rat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of systematic desensitisation in treating phobias?

<p>To reduce phobic anxiety through gradual exposure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Gilroy's study primarily demonstrate about systematic desensitisation?

<p>It has both immediate and long-term effectiveness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is systematic desensitisation considered a versatile treatment?

<p>It is structured and suitable for various patients. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of using deviation from social norms to define abnormality?

<p>It disregards cultural differences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of phobias?

<p>Emotional calm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is flooding different from systematic desensitisation?

<p>Flooding exposes patients to their fears immediately without a hierarchy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivated Little Albert's fear of the white rat after conditioning?

<p>The loud noise paired with the rat. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does operant conditioning contribute to the maintenance of phobias?

<p>By reinforcing avoidance behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'biological preparedness' in the context of phobias?

<p>The predisposition to develop fears based on evolutionary threats. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the conclusion drawn from Little Albert's experiment regarding phobias?

<p>Phobias can be acquired through classical conditioning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential negative outcome of defining abnormality solely based on social norms?

<p>Justification of discrimination and oppression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic makes systematic desensitisation more acceptable to patients?

<p>It uses a gradual and gentle approach. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phobia specifically involves the fear of social situations?

<p>Social anxiety. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is expected when a patient stops practicing avoidance behavior according to the model?

<p>The fear response will be unlearned. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key findings in Gilroy's research on systematic desensitisation?

<p>Long-term follow-up indicated sustained fear reduction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional characteristic is often experienced by individuals with phobias?

<p>Anxiety. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 2-process model in relation to phobias?

<p>Phobias arise from learned behaviors and experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cognitive characteristics is frequently seen in phobia sufferers?

<p>Selective attention to the phobic stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of negative reinforcement in the context of phobias?

<p>It strengthens avoidance behavior through the elimination of anxiety. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of phobia includes examples like fear of injections or spiders?

<p>Specific phobia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which definition of abnormality considers a person’s ability to function in daily life?

<p>Failure to function adequately. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological issue was previously diagnosed in enslaved Black individuals who attempted to escape?

<p>Drapetomania. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavioral response may include crying or screaming in reaction to a phobic stimulus?

<p>Panic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Jahoda's Ideal Mental Health

A state where individuals lack symptoms of distress, are rational, self-actualize, cope with stress, have a realistic world view, possess good self-esteem, are independent, and successfully engage in work, love, and leisure.

Comprehensiveness Strength

One strength of Jahoda's ideal mental health model is its comprehensiveness. It covers a wide range of criteria, making it useful for understanding mental health in its entirety.

Cultural Bound Limitation

A limitation of Jahoda's model is that it is culturally bound, meaning some of its ideals may not be universally applicable, especially regarding self-actualization.

Unrealistic Standard Limitation

Another limitation is that Jahoda's definition sets an unrealistically high standard for mental health, making most people appear abnormal.

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Positive Aspect of Unrealistic Standard

The positive side of the unrealistic standard limitation is that it encourages individuals to seek treatment and improve upon their mental health.

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Negative Aspect of Unrealistic Standard

The negative side of the unrealistic standard is that it may lead to feelings of inadequacy and discourage individuals from seeking help since they believe their mental health is not extreme enough.

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Jahoda's Criteria for Mental Health

Jahoda identifies various aspects of mental health, including the absence of symptoms, rationality, and self-actualization, providing a framework for understanding ideal mental well-being.

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Self-Actualization in Jahoda's Model

Jahoda's model emphasizes the value of achieving one's full potential and having a sense of self-fulfillment in life.

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Deviation from Social Norms

A definition of abnormality based on how much a person's behaviour deviates from accepted societal norms.

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Cultural Relativism

The idea that what is considered abnormal varies between different cultures, making it hard to define universally.

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Human Rights Abuses

Using social norms to define abnormality can lead to discrimination and abuse of human rights.

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Phobia

A persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

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Social Anxiety

An intense fear of public speaking or social situations.

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Agoraphobia

Fear of open or public spaces, often leading to avoidance.

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Panic

A spontaneous, intense feeling of fear that involves physical symptoms like rapid heart rate and dizziness.

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Avoidance

Avoiding the object or situation that causes fear.

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Endurance

Continuing to experience anxiety while in the presence of the feared stimulus.

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Anxiety

A long-lasting state of negative emotion, preventing relaxation and positive feelings.

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Fear

A sudden, intense feeling of fear.

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Cognitive Processes

How a person processes information in relation to phobias.

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Behavioral Approach to Phobias

The idea that phobias are learned through experience.

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Classical Conditioning

Learning through association between a neutral stimulus and a fear-inducing stimulus.

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Operant Conditioning

Learning through rewards and punishments, shaping behavior.

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Failure to Function Adequately

An individual's inability to cope with the demands of everyday life, resulting in failure to maintain basic standards, hold down a job, or maintain relationships.

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Statistical Infrequency

A characteristic that is statistically uncommon is considered abnormal.

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Rosenham and Seligman's Criteria for Failure to Function Adequately

Individuals who experience severe emotional distress, have difficulty maintaining relationships, or engage in irrational or dangerous behaviors are considered abnormal.

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Strength of Failure to Function Adequately

The strength of the 'Failure to Function Adequately' criterion is its focus on the individual's subjective experience of distress.

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Limitation of Failure to Function Adequately

A limitation of the 'Failure to Function Adequately' criterion is that it relies on subjective judgments.

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Strength of Statistical Infrequency

The 'Statistical Infrequency' criterion has real-life applications in diagnosing intellectual disability disorder.

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Limitation of Statistical Infrequency

A limitation of the 'Statistical Infrequency' criterion is that unusual characteristics can be positive rather than abnormal.

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Limitation of Statistical Infrequency

A limitation of the 'Statistical Infrequency' criterion is that labeling someone as abnormal can be harmful and not always beneficial.

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Limitation of Deviation from Social Norms

The 'Deviation from Social Norms' criterion is not a sole explanation for defining abnormality.

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Harm of Failure to Function Adequately

The 'Failure to Function Adequately' criterion can be harmful as it may label harmless lifestyles as pathological.

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Inadequacy of Statistical Infrequency

The 'Statistical Infrequency' criterion cannot be solely relied upon to make a diagnosis as it overlooks the context and benefits of a rare characteristic.

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Harm of Statistical Infrequency

Labelling individuals as abnormal based on 'Statistical Infrequency' can be harmful and does not always provide a beneficial diagnosis.

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Application of Deviation from Social Norms

The 'Deviation from Social Norms' criterion is used to distinguish behaviors that violate societal expectations, such as in the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder.

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Usefulness of Failure to Function Adequately

The 'Failure to Function Adequately' criterion takes into account the individual's subjective experience of distress, aligning with the lived realities of those seeking help.

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Flooding

A therapy technique for phobias involving prolonged and intense exposure to the feared stimulus, aiming to break the association between stimulus and anxiety.

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Exposure Therapy

The process of repeatedly exposing an individual to the feared stimulus to reduce their anxiety response. It involves classical conditioning principles.

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In vivo Exposure

A type of exposure therapy where the individual is directly confronted with the phobic stimulus in real-life situations.

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In vitro Exposure

A type of exposure therapy where the individual is exposed to the phobic stimulus through imagining or watching it from a distance.

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Systematic Desensitization

A technique that involves gradually exposing an individual to increasingly anxiety-provoking situations, while teaching relaxation techniques.

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Extinction

The association between a stimulus and an anxious response gradually weakens. This weakens the phobia.

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Cost-effectiveness of Flooding

Flooding is cost-effective compared to other therapies like CBT and systematic desensitization.

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Limitations of Flooding for Complex Phobias

Flooding is more effective for specific phobias than for complex phobias, such as social phobia.

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Traumatic Nature of Flooding

Flooding can be a traumatic experience for patients, causing potential distress.

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Potential for Treatment Failure in Flooding

Flooding's effectiveness can be hindered if patients are unwilling or unable to complete treatment due to its potential trauma.

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Two-Process Model

A theory explaining how phobias are acquired and maintained through classical and operant conditioning.

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Classical Conditioning in Phobias

The initial learning of a phobia through associating a neutral stimulus with a fearful one.

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Operant Conditioning in Phobias

The maintenance of a phobia through avoiding the feared stimulus, reinforcing the fear response.

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Unlearning Avoidance in Phobias

The reduction of a phobia by preventing the avoidance behavior, allowing the fear to extinguish.

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Safety Motivation

An alternative explanation for avoidance behavior in phobias, suggesting it's motivated by a sense of safety.

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Little Albert Experiment

A famous study where a young boy, Albert, learned to fear a white rat through classical conditioning.

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Biological Preparedness

The innate predisposition to acquire certain fears, based on evolutionary history.

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Anxiety Hierarchy

A list of situations related to the phobia, ordered from least to most frightening.

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Systematic Desensitisation Effectiveness

The effectiveness of systematic desensitisation in reducing spider phobia, compared to relaxation alone.

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Versatility of Systematic Desensitisation

The suitability of systematic desensitisation for patients with learning difficulties, making it more manageable and accessible.

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Patient Acceptance of Systematic Desensitisation

The acceptance of systematic desensitisation by patients, compared to more intense treatments like flooding.

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Two-Process Model Limitation

The explanation of phobias through classical and operant conditioning, but neglecting the role of evolutionary factors.

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Long-Term Benefits of Systematic Desensitisation

The effectiveness of systematic desensitisation as a treatment for phobias, providing both immediate and long-term benefits.

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Study Notes

Deviation from Ideal Mental Health

  • Jahoda's criteria for ideal mental health include: absence of symptoms, independence, realistic world view, and high self-esteem
  • Key characteristics of ideal mental health include lack of distress, accurate self-perception, self-actualization, ability to cope with stress, realistic world view, high self-esteem, and independence.
  • Jahoda's definition provides a broad, comprehensive view of mental health, encompassing various aspects of well-being.
  • It is a helpful tool for understanding and addressing potential needs in mental health services.

Limitations of Jahoda's Approach

  • Jahoda's criteria are culturally specific, primarily reflecting Western European and North American values.
  • Emphasis on personal achievement (self-actualization) might be considered self-indulgent in collectivist cultures.
  • The definition sets an unrealistically high standard, making it difficult, if not impossible, for most individuals to meet all criteria.

Failure to Function Adequately

  • This approach assesses mental health based on an individual's ability to cope with daily life demands and maintain basic functioning (e.g., employment, relationships).
  • Rosenham and Seligman's criteria include non-compliance with social rules, significant distress, and irrational or dangerous behavior.
  • Strengths include considering the patient's subjective experience, acknowledging distress, and capturing lived experiences related to mental health.
  • Limitations include potential subjectivity in judging adequacy and reflecting social norms (which may be biased, potentially harmful, or culture-bound).

Statistical Infrequency

  • Abnormality is defined by the statistical rarity of a trait or behavior.
  • A low IQ (below 70) can be a diagnostic criterion for intellectual disability.
  • A strength is that it offers a tangible framework, using empirical data and comparing behavior against statistical norms, for assessing normality and abnormality.
  • Limitations include valuing traits based solely on rarity (e.g., high IQ vs low IQ), failing to differentiate between positive and negative deviations, and potentially harming the well-being and perceptions of individuals labelled as abnormal through stereotyping.

Deviation from Social Norms

  • Abnormality is judged by deviation from societal norms/expectations.
  • Some behaviors are universally considered abnormal due to their infringement on social norms (e.g., antisocial personality disorder).
  • Limitations include its inability to fully explain abnormality (and other factors like failure to function adequately must be considered), cultural relativity of social norms, potential for abuse (historical misdiagnoses), and human rights violations.

Phobias

  • Phobias are characterized by irrational fears of objects or situations.
  • The DSM-5 categorises phobias into specific, social, and agoraphobia.
  • Behavioral characteristics include panic, avoidance, and endurance.
  • Emotional features encompass anxiety and fear.
  • Cognitive symptoms involve selective attention to the phobic stimulus, and potentially irrational beliefs & cognitive distortions.

Behavioral Explanation of Phobias

  • The two-process model suggests phobias are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning.
  • Classical Conditioning: Learning by association (pairing neutral stimulus with a trigger stimulus to generate fear response).
  • Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement of avoidance strategies. Avoiding the phobic stimulus reduces anxiety, reinforcing the avoidance behavior.

Strengths of the Behavioural Explanation of Phobias

  • Excellent explanatory power relating to how phobias develop and are maintained.
  • Effective guides for therapeutic approaches, enabling patients to be exposed to their phobias in a therapy setting (and break the learning loop).

Limitations of the Behavioural Explanation of Phobias

  • Alternative explanations for avoidance behaviour exist, suggesting additional motivational factors.
  • Incomplete explanation, overlooking the possible role of evolutionary factors.

Behavioural Treatments for Phobias

  • Systematic Desensitization: A gradual exposure therapy that reduces anxiety by pairing relaxation with increasingly distressing phobic stimuli in a structured hierarchy.

Strengths of Systematic Desensitization

  • Effective treatment demonstrating immediate and long-term improvement in those suffering from phobias.
  • Wide applicability across various patient demographics, especially those with learning difficulties or higher-level anxiety disorders.
  • Greater patient acceptance compared to intense treatments like flooding.

Flooding:

  • Intense exposure therapy that involves rapid and direct confrontation with the phobic stimulus without gradual buildup.
  • Classical conditioning to break the association between stimulus and response via repeated exposure.

Strengths of Flooding

  • Potentially cost-effective, achieving faster results compared to other treatments.

Limitations of Flooding

  • Less effective for complex phobias.
  • Potentially traumatic, reducing treatment engagement.

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Explore Jahoda's criteria for ideal mental health and their implications on well-being. This quiz delves into the strengths and limitations of her approach, especially regarding cultural specificity and the challenges of achieving high standards in mental health. Gain insights into how these factors affect mental health services.

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