Mental Health Nursing Principles for LPN/LVN
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Questions and Answers

What is mental health defined as?

  • A person's ability to maintain interpersonal relationships
  • A person's ability to adapt to changes in their daily life
  • A person's ability to cope with and adjust to the recurrent stresses of everyday living (correct)
  • A person's ability to solve problems and set realistic goals

    • Mental health is a static concept that does not change.

    False

    What are some factors that affect mental health?

    Inherited characteristics, childhood nurturing, and life's circumstances

    Mental health can be defined as a person's ability to _______________ with and adjust to the recurrent stresses of everyday living.

    <p>cope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a possible positive influence on mental health?

    <p>Cognitive impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their influence on mental health:

    <p>Inherent adequate coping ability = Positive Cognitive impairment = Negative Financial security = Positive Dysfunctional relationships = Negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All individuals respond similarly to changes in daily activities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is behavior in the context of mental health?

    <p>The manner in which a person performs any or all of the activities of daily life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the goal of the community treatment in the 1960s and 1970s?

    <p>To return the individual to the home environment as soon as possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    President Jimmy Carter established the President's Commission on Mental Health in 1975.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Martha Mitchell's appointment to the President's Commission on Mental Health?

    <p>It was the first time nursing had representation in a commission of this type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Maladaptive behavior = Inability to cope with daily events Mental health = Healthy end of the mental health continuum Mental illness = Opposite end of the mental health continuum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1981 led to a drastic reduction in funding for the ______________ system.

    <p>mental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the holistic health movement focused on?

    <p>Emotional needs of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nursing is a person-oriented profession.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a nurse in supporting a patient's emotional needs?

    <p>To create an environment that allows the patient to have as positive an experience as possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Mental Health Care Systems Act was passed in ______________.

    <p>1980</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the severe fiscal cuts in the 1980s?

    <p>Rapid deinstitutionalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of mental health care in the 1950s?

    <p>To enable individuals to control their behavior and spend more time in the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dr. Philippe Pinel was a Quaker who built an asylum in England.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known as the father of American psychiatry?

    <p>Dr. Benjamin Rush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dorothea Dix surveyed jails, almshouses, and asylums throughout the United States, Canada, and ______________.

    <p>Scotland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals with their contributions to mental health care:

    <p>Dr. Philippe Pinel = Advocated for humane care and maintenance of case history William Tukes = Built an asylum in England similar to a Quaker household Dorothea Dix = Surveyed jails, almshouses, and asylums throughout the United States, Canada, and Scotland Clifford Beers = Wrote A Mind That Found Itself and formed the Committee for Mental Hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 20th century saw a decline in mental health care.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Committee for Mental Hygiene formed in 1909?

    <p>To focus on prevention of mental illness and removal of the stigma of mental illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced elaborate theories and treatment for mental illnesses?

    <p>Sigmund Freud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The National Institute of Mental Health was established in the ______________.

    <p>1940s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of Dorothea Dix's efforts?

    <p>Millions of dollars were raised for the development of mental hospitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is frustration in the context of goal-directed activity?

    <p>the emotional response to anything that interferes with goal-directed activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is conflict in the context of mental health?

    <p>A struggle, usually a mental one, either conscious or unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adaptation always leads to positive growth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Defense mechanisms are used to block conscious awareness of ____________________ feelings.

    <p>threatening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does illness affect an individual's mental state and level of functioning?

    <p>Illness reduces control and creates instability of circumstances, causing anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common coping response to stress?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nurses only address the mental health needs of their patients in a mental health care facility.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Adaptation = The ability to adjust to changing life situations Conflict = A struggle, usually a mental one, either conscious or unconscious Defense Mechanisms = Unconscious, intrapsychic reactions that offer protection to the self from a stressful situation Frustration = The emotional response to anything that interferes with goal-directed activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Illness can alter dramatically a person's ____________________, body image, lifestyle, and role performance in family life, recreation, and work.

    <p>self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for nurses to consider a patient's emotional state?

    <p>To provide effective nursing interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adults in the United States received treatment for a mental health problem in 2018, according to the National Institute of Mental Health (2021)?

    <p>18.1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In ancient times, people believed that mental illness was a result of evil spirits.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the idea that mental illness can be explained by an imbalance of humors based on the fundamental elements of the world?

    <p>Humoral theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first English institution for the mentally ill was _______________________, founded in the 16th century under Henry VI.

    <p>Bethlehem Royal Hospital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ancient civilizations with their approach to mental illness:

    <p>Greeks = Viewed mental illness as an imbalance of humors Romans = Introduced the idea that mental illness can be explained by observation of behavior Shamans = Focused on removing evil spirits by magical treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of people in the United States who will develop a mental health disorder in their lifetime?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Renaissance and the Reformation, there was a significant improvement in the treatment of mental illness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the practice of displaying mentally ill residents in a hospital for a price to people who were curious to see them?

    <p>Bedlam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The English word _______________________ originated from the nickname of Bethlehem Royal Hospital.

    <p>Bedlam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for the treatment of mental illness during medieval times?

    <p>To punish the individual for their sins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the self is the organizing principle of the self?

    <p>Personal identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stress is an objective phenomenon that affects everyone in the same way.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ego?

    <p>To integrate and mediate between the self and the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The superego is the ______________________ force that develops from the ego in response to reward or punishment from others.

    <p>moralistic censoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following levels of awareness with their descriptions:

    <p>Conscious = Experiences within a person's awareness Preconscious = Thoughts and feelings that can be recalled easily to consciousness Unconscious = Memories, feelings, and thoughts not available to the conscious mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of whether an individual feels distress in response to a stressor?

    <p>The meaning of the stressor to the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The id functions to integrate and mediate between the self and the environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when all three substructures (id, ego, and superego) function in harmony?

    <p>Emotional stability and a healthy self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-concept is more than the total of the four parts of self, including ______________________, body image, role, and self-esteem.

    <p>personal identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Role performance is always an ascribed role.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of mental health nursing?

    <p>Behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stress is always a negative experience.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is anxiety in the context of mental health?

    <p>A vague feeling of apprehension that results from a perceived threat to the self.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anxiety is relieved through various coping and mental _______________.

    <p>mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following events with their potential to precipitate feelings of anxiety:

    <p>Threats to physical integrity = Decreased ability to perform activities of daily living; impending physiologic disability Threats to self-esteem and insults to the identity = Loss of significant relationships, loss of spouse, difficulty at work, loss of job, change in jobs, relocation to a new home</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of motivation in treating emotional problems?

    <p>To help the patient through the stages of recovery quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anxiety is a rare emotional experience.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the nurse in helping a patient develop adaptive patterns of behavior?

    <p>The nurse can serve as a resource in helping a patient develop adaptive patterns of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The degree of anxiety experienced is influenced by the individual's _______________ of the stressor.

    <p>view</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of ineffective coping with stress?

    <p>Negative results characteristic of ineffective coping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final phase of reconciliation?

    <p>Adaptation to the new situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A crisis often tends to resolve over a 6-to 8-week period.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the LPN/LVN in the nursing process?

    <p>The LPN/LVN participates in the nursing process by observing patient behavior and assisting in establishing patient problem statements, as well as working with the registered nurse (RN) on outlining appropriate nursing interventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nurse provides ____________________ support to the individual or family in crisis by focusing on problem-solving.

    <p>short-term active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their roles in the nursing process:

    <p>LPN/LVN = Observes patient behavior and assists in establishing patient problem statements RN = Outlines appropriate nursing interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for nurses to provide empathic gestures to individuals or families in crisis?

    <p>To validate the individual's feelings of anger, denial, remorse, and grief as normal responses to crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identifying family supports and adequate coping mechanisms helps the nurse recognize family ____________________ patterns.

    <p>communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nurses only address the mental health needs of their patients in a mental health care facility.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of a mentally healthy individual?

    <p>Assertive communication style, acceptance of strengths and weaknesses, and available energy to deal with life’s situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mental illness results from an ability to cope with a situation that an individual finds overwhelming.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is personality development influenced by?

    <p>Genetics and interactions with the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erik Erikson provided a framework for understanding personality development in terms of _______________.

    <p>task mastery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following psychological concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Id = Portion of the psyche that is in contact with external reality Ego = Parental or societal value system Superego = Enables reasoning and good sense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Erikson’s framework, if a person masters a given task, then it is possible to predict a certain set of behaviors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the midpoint on the continuum of mental health characterized by?

    <p>Adequate coping skills, problem-solving ability, and satisfactory responses or adjustments to life changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the superego characterized by?

    <p>Striving for perfection and morality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sigmund Freud described personality development as having three parts: _______________, ego, and superego.

    <p>id</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mental health is determined by a single component.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to build trust with patients and encourage them to have faith in the care given?

    <p>Effective patient education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Older adults experiencing significant sensory changes in hearing or vision sometimes display behavioral changes that are easy to mistake for disorientation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common feelings experienced by older adults?

    <p>Hopelessness, helplessness, and depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Illness is a state of ______________ imbalance.

    <p>homeostatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the sick role in the illness experience?

    <p>To be excused from everyday responsibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A crisis can be defined as a stable period in a person's life.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of reminiscence and life review in older adults?

    <p>To help cope with changing life circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The experience of being ill involves stages that are subjective and very ______________.

    <p>personal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of the illness experience with their descriptions:

    <p>Awareness of symptoms = The individual takes on the sick role. Sick role = The individual seeks professional medical help. Professional care = The patient assumes a dependent role. Recovery and rehabilitation = The patient sets attainable short-term goals to enable recovery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alcoholism is frequently recognized among older adults.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation of an inability to navigate a crisis situation?

    <p>Denial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sick role can never become a way of life.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an identity crisis?

    <p>extreme or decisive change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The United States is teeming with ______________ diversity, which affects the patient's and family's behavior during illness.

    <p>cultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following behaviors with their descriptions:

    <p>Denial = A refusal to admit being ill. Anxiety = Feelings of apprehension and uncertainty about the illness. Shock = An overwhelming emotion that paralyzes the individual's ability to process information. Anger = A response to feeling mistreated, injured, or insulted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural and ethnic backgrounds do not affect the patient's and family's behavior during illness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nurse's responsibility in dealing with a patient's behavior?

    <p>to note and respond therapeutically to all behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible outcome of an identity crisis?

    <p>Personal growth and strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sick role can produce secondary gains as well as ______________ attention.

    <p>personal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Behavior is learned through innate abilities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of crisis intervention?

    <p>To provide emotional support and facilitate adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a nurse help an individual or family in crisis?

    <p>By encouraging expression of feelings and providing empathic gestures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of identifying family supports and adequate coping mechanisms?

    <p>To determine the need for other psychosocial professionals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a crisis, if managed effectively?

    <p>Development of coping mechanisms and redefinition of goals and roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the LPN/LVN in the nursing process?

    <p>To observe patient behavior and assist in establishing patient problem statements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to include other psychosocial professionals in the care of the individual or family in crisis?

    <p>Because they can provide additional support and expertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of offering flexibility in visiting hours?

    <p>To reduce the frustration of separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of a crisis?

    <p>4 to 6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the nurse's active support in crisis intervention?

    <p>Problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of crisis intervention?

    <p>To facilitate a positive resolution to the crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do individuals respond to changes in daily activities?

    <p>Differently, influenced by their unique personalities and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of mentally healthy individuals?

    <p>Their ability to enjoy life's activities and adapt to changes successfully</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences an individual's response to daily stressors in life?

    <p>A combination of inherited characteristics, childhood nurturing, and life's circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dynamic nature of mental health?

    <p>It fluctuates along a continuum, changing in response to life's circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a licensed practical/vocational nurse (LPN/LVN) in relation to mental health?

    <p>To use mental health nursing principles in a variety of healthcare settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of an individual's personality and resources in relation to mental health?

    <p>They affect an individual's behavior in dealing with changing situations and the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between an individual's mental health and their ability to cope with stress?

    <p>An individual's mental health is dependent on their ability to cope with stress, but it is not a direct relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of understanding a patient's behavioral responses to disease and dysfunction?

    <p>To provide a holistic approach to patient care, incorporating mental health principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of Dorothea Dix's efforts?

    <p>To raise funds for the development of mental hospitals throughout the United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Clifford Beers' work?

    <p>He described the harsh treatments he experienced and witnessed while institutionalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of the Committee for Mental Hygiene formed in 1909?

    <p>To focus on prevention of mental illness and removal of the stigma of mental illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of William Tukes' asylum in England?

    <p>To provide a nurturing atmosphere to encourage acceptable behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Dr. Philippe Pinel known for?

    <p>Advocating for humane care and maintenance of case history and conversation records</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the National Institute of Mental Health established in the 1940s?

    <p>It established research funding for the causes, prevention, and treatment of mental illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for the harsh treatment of the mentally ill during the 17th and 18th centuries?

    <p>Lack of understanding of mental illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the McLean Hospital in Waverly, Massachusetts?

    <p>It provided the first psychiatric training school for nurses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main goal of Dr. Benjamin Rush's practice?

    <p>To advocate for humane care and maintenance of case history and conversation records</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Sigmund Freud's work?

    <p>He introduced elaborate theories and treatment for mental illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of an individual at the midpoint of the mental health continuum?

    <p>Adequate coping skills and problem-solving ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of an individual with a poor self-concept?

    <p>Feelings of inadequacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an individual's relatively consistent set of attitudes and behaviors?

    <p>Personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Erikson, what is the focus of personality development?

    <p>Task mastery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an individual's inability to cope with a situation that they find overwhelming?

    <p>Mental illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of mental health?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the inability to recognize one's own talents and limitations?

    <p>Inability to recognize own talents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of continued stressor exposure on an individual's mental health?

    <p>Deterioration of mental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why people with mental illness were abandoned by their community in ancient times?

    <p>Because they were considered possessed by evil spirits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of an individual at the healthy end of the mental health continuum?

    <p>Assertive communication style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the opposite ends of a mental health continuum?

    <p>Mental health and mental illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'bedlam' in the context of mental health?

    <p>It is a term used to describe a hospital for the mentally ill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of people in the United States who will develop a mental health disorder in their lifetime?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the treatment of mental illness during medieval times?

    <p>To punish the person for their sins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the idea that mental illness can be explained by an imbalance of humors based on the fundamental elements of the world?

    <p>Humoral theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why nurses encounter patients who have mental health concerns?

    <p>Because they encounter patients who are experiencing depression, anxiety, or other mental health alterations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the National Institute of Mental Health (2021) statistic that 18.1% of adults in the United States received treatment for a mental health problem in 2018?

    <p>It indicates that there is a significant discrepancy between individuals seeking treatment and those not treated for mental illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Roman physicians in their treatment of mental illness?

    <p>Providing physical care to make their patients comfortable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the concept of mental health care in the Greco-Roman era?

    <p>It was a concept that was introduced during the Greco-Roman era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the psyche is responsible for reasoning and good sense?

    <p>Ego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the superego?

    <p>To serve as a judge or censor over thoughts and activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why nurses need to consider a patient's emotional state?

    <p>Because it affects the patient's mental state and level of functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of awareness holds memories, feelings, and thoughts that are not available to the conscious mind?

    <p>Unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the assessment one makes about personal worth?

    <p>Self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frame of reference used for all that a person knows and experiences?

    <p>Self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Erikson's framework, what happens if a person does not master a given task?

    <p>It is possible to predict a certain set of behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ego?

    <p>To integrate and mediate between the self and the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the thoughts, feelings, drives, and ideas that are outside of awareness but can be recalled easily to consciousness?

    <p>Preconsciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organizing principle of the self?

    <p>Personal identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of disturbances in self-concept?

    <p>Mental health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of deinstitutionalization during the 1960s and 1970s?

    <p>To release psychiatric patients from institutions to live and receive treatment in the community setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Mental Health Care Systems Act of 1980?

    <p>It was the most comprehensive mental health care bill in US history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1981?

    <p>It drastically reduced funding for the mental health system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the holistic health movement?

    <p>Emotional needs of individuals, sick or well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a nurse in supporting a patient's emotional needs?

    <p>To create an environment that allows the patient to have a positive experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Martha Mitchell's appointment to the President's Commission on Mental Health?

    <p>She was the first nurse to be appointed to the commission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the severe fiscal cuts in the 1980s?

    <p>Rapid deinstitutionalization of psychiatric patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of community treatment in mental health care?

    <p>To return the individual to the home environment as soon as possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the President's Commission on Mental Health established in 1978?

    <p>It was the first commission to focus on mental health care needs of the nation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of mental health care?

    <p>To provide a support system within the community to facilitate treatment and bring about functioning as near to normal as possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of coping mechanisms in the context of stress and anxiety?

    <p>To reduce anxiety and facilitate adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of anxiety is characterized by a feeling of impending danger and a significant narrowing of perceptual field?

    <p>Severe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of motivation in treating emotional problems?

    <p>To enhance the patient's inner drive to participate in care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a conflict in the context of mental health?

    <p>A person is ill and needs to see a physician but does not for fear of getting bad news</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of an individual's inability to meet basic needs or role expectations?

    <p>Emotional upheaval and stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a negative consequence of severe frustration?

    <p>Heightened anxiety and emotional distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of adaptation in the context of mental health?

    <p>To adjust to changing life situations and reduce emotional distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a defense mechanism?

    <p>Unconscious protection of the self from stressful situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of a person's inability to adapt to changing life situations?

    <p>Emotional upheaval and stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common coping response to stress?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that illness can alter a person's self-concept, body image, lifestyle, and role performance in various aspects of life?

    <p>Due to the dramatic changes in daily living and social roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason that older adults experience social isolation?

    <p>As a result of physical or financial limitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of reminiscence and life review in older adults?

    <p>To help them cope with changing life circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of patient education in a healthcare setting?

    <p>To help build trust and encourage faith in the care given</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of considering a patient's emotional state in a healthcare setting?

    <p>It allows the nurse to develop effective nursing interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of whether an individual experiences distress in response to a stressor?

    <p>The individual's perception of the stressor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the state of being ill or sick?

    <p>Homeostatic imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that behavioral changes occur in older adults?

    <p>As a result of sensory changes in hearing or vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the degree of anxiety experienced by an individual?

    <p>The individual's socioeconomic status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an individual's response to a stressful situation or event?

    <p>Can lead to anxiety and maladaptive behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of patient support groups in a healthcare setting?

    <p>They are essential in maintaining the patient's emotional well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the healthcare team in a healthcare setting?

    <p>To meet the psychosocial needs of patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between stress and anxiety?

    <p>Stress is a response to a specific stimulus, while anxiety is a general feeling of apprehension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of anxiety?

    <p>A vague feeling of apprehension that results from a perceived threat to the self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that illness can affect a person's mental state and level of functioning?

    <p>As a result of the dramatic changes in daily living and social roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an individual's inability to cope with stress?

    <p>Can lead to anxiety and maladaptive behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the nurse in supporting a patient's emotional needs?

    <p>To serve as a resource in helping a patient develop adaptive patterns of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of mental health nursing?

    <p>The behavior of individuals in response to stressors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between stress and anxiety?

    <p>Stress is a response to a specific stimulus, while anxiety is a general feeling of apprehension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of mental health care?

    <p>To promote individual growth and development through adaptive coping mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a nurse during the recovery and rehabilitation stages of an illness event?

    <p>To assist the patient by setting attainable short-term goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common response to feeling mistreated, injured, or insulted?

    <p>Anger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a condition of instability that arises from an emotional or situational upheaval?

    <p>Identity crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of successful management of a crisis period?

    <p>Prevention of disorganization within the individual or the family unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of professional care during an illness event?

    <p>Keeping the patient informed and emotionally supported</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can trigger a crisis response in an individual or family?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of long-term denial in an individual?

    <p>Maladaptive behavior patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the removal of self from interaction with others and the environment?

    <p>Withdrawal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a nurse when dealing with a patient in crisis?

    <p>To note and respond therapeutically to all behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an overwhelming emotion that paralyzes the individual's ability to process information?

    <p>Shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of crisis intervention?

    <p>To reduce the emotional stress of the victim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the final phase of grief?

    <p>Acceptance and adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the LPN/LVN in the nursing process?

    <p>To observe patient behavior and assist in establishing patient problem statements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the assessment of emotional status?

    <p>To identify the patient's emotional strengths and weaknesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of active listening in crisis intervention?

    <p>To address the problem constructively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of crisis intervention?

    <p>The crisis resolves, and the patient returns to precrisis status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of offering flexibility in visiting hours during crisis intervention?

    <p>To reduce the frustration of separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the nurse in supporting a patient's emotional needs?

    <p>To provide emotional support and validate the patient's feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the steps in crisis intervention?

    <p>To implement the intervention plan and adjust it as needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the nursing process in crisis intervention?

    <p>The patient's emotional stress decreases, and they return to precrisis status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defense mechanisms is characterized by the expression of emotions towards someone or something other than the actual source of the emotion?

    <p>Displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of constructing plausible reasons to explain and justify one's behavior?

    <p>Rationalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defense mechanisms involves the separation and detachment of emotional significance and affect from an idea or situation?

    <p>Dissociation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the attribution of problems to other characteristics that the person does not want to admit possessing?

    <p>Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defense mechanisms involves the exhibition of behavior, thoughts, or feelings used at an earlier stage of development?

    <p>Regression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the incorporation of a characteristic of another individual or group into one's own behavior?

    <p>Identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defense mechanisms involves the unconscious process of barring from conscious thought of painful, disagreeable thoughts, experiences, and/or impulses?

    <p>Repression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the discharge of sexual or aggressive energy and impulses in a socially acceptable way?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defense mechanisms involves the intentional exclusion of painful thoughts, experiences, or impulses from conscious awareness?

    <p>Suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the conscious behavior that reflects an emotion opposite to the emotion actually felt?

    <p>Reaction formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Mental Health Concepts

    • Behavior is the manner in which a person performs daily life activities, influenced by unique personality and resources.
    • Mental health is the ability to cope with and adjust to daily life's stresses, and is dynamic and fluctuating.
    • Factors affecting mental health include:
      • Inherited characteristics
      • Childhood nurturing
      • Life's circumstances
      • Positive influences: inherent coping ability, mother-child bonding, success in school, good physical health, financial security
      • Negative influences: cognitive impairment, schizophrenia, extreme sibling rivalry, parental rejection, deprivation of maternal love, poor physical health, poverty, dysfunctional relationships

    History of Mental Health Care

    • Ancient times: people believed mentally ill individuals were possessed by evil spirits, and treatments included magical and physical rituals.
    • Greco-Roman era: introduction of the idea that mental illness can be explained by observing behavior, and the concept of the humoral theory.
    • Medieval times: mental illness was seen as punishment for sins, and treatments included exorcisms, physical punishment, and imprisonment.
    • 16th century: establishment of the first English institution for the mentally ill, Bethlehem Royal Hospital.
    • 17th and 18th centuries: little change in treatment, with common practices including bleeding, starving, beating, and confinement.
    • Late 18th century: establishment of psychiatry as a separate branch of medicine, and introduction of humane care and case history records.
    • 19th century: establishment of asylums and mental hospitals, with harsh treatments and overcrowding.
    • Late 19th and early 20th centuries: introduction of newer, more humane therapies, and establishment of psychiatric training schools for nurses.
    • 20th century: reform of mental health care, with a focus on prevention and removal of stigma, and introduction of psychotherapeutic drugs and deinstitutionalization.

    Mental Health Care in the 20th and 21st Centuries

    • 1940s: establishment of the National Institute of Mental Health, with a focus on research and treatment of mental illnesses.
    • 1950s: introduction of psychotherapeutic drugs, and deinstitutionalization movement.
    • 1960s and 1970s: legislation and community-based mental health care, with a focus on returning individuals to their home environment.
    • 1980s: establishment of the Mental Health Care Systems Act, with a focus on comprehensive mental health care.
    • 21st century: increased funding for mental health care, with a focus on research, services, and community-based care.

    Mental Health Continuum

    • Mental health and mental illness are opposite ends of a continuum, with normal functioning at the healthy end.
    • Influences of daily stressors can result in a deterioration of mental health, with continued exposure leading to dysfunctional behaviors.
    • Midpoint of the continuum represents normal mental health, with adequate coping skills and problem-solving ability.

    Characteristics of Mental Illness

    • Poor self-concept and feelings of inadequacy
    • Dependent behavior resulting from feelings of inadequacy
    • Constant pessimism and poor judgment
    • Inability to cope with daily events and irresponsibility
    • Avoidance of problems and inability to recognize own talents and limitations
    • Maladaptive behavior and demanding or seeking immediate gratification
    • Inability to establish a meaningful relationship### Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
    • Self-concept is the frame of reference used for all that a person knows and experiences, including perceptions, values, behaviors, and interactions.
    • Self-esteem is the thoughts and feelings an individual holds about themselves, influencing their behavior and interactions with others.
    • Disturbances in self-concept commonly arise in people with mental illness or emotional problems.

    Stress

    • Stress is the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it, and is highly subjective and uniquely perceived by the individual.
    • Stressors can be physical, social, economic, chemical, spiritual, or developmental, or a combination of these.
    • The meaning of the stress to an individual determines whether they feel distress.
    • Stress can have positive effects, facilitating individual growth and development, or negative effects, leading to ineffective coping.

    Anxiety

    • Anxiety is a vague feeling of apprehension that results from a perceived threat to the self, often unknown.
    • Anxiety is a response to a stressful event, and is a major component of all mental health disturbances.
    • Anxiety is described in terms of levels, with higher levels immobilizing coping skills and resulting in emotional chaos.
    • Signs of higher levels of anxiety include vocal changes, rapid speech, increased pulse, respirations, and blood pressure, as well as other physical symptoms.

    Motivation

    • Motivation is the gathering of personal resources or inner drive to complete a task or reach a goal.
    • Motivation is generated by anticipation of reward or punishment, and is an important aspect in treating emotional problems.

    Frustration

    • Frustration is the emotional response to anything that interferes with goal-directed activity.
    • Frustration can increase anxiety when adaptive behavior fails.

    Conflict

    • Conflict is a struggle, usually mental, resulting from opposing or incompatible thoughts, ideas, goals, or emotional forces.
    • Conflict can be resolved easily or lead to serious levels of anxiety.

    Adaptation and Coping

    • Adaptation refers to the ability to adjust to changing life situations by using various strategies.
    • Coping responses are used to reduce anxiety brought on by stress, and can be conscious or unconscious.
    • Defense mechanisms are unconscious, intrapsychic reactions that offer protection to the self from a stressful situation.

    Illness and Mental Health

    • The stress of being ill greatly influences an individual's mental state and level of functioning.
    • Illness can alter an individual's self-concept, body image, lifestyle, and role performance in family life, recreation, and work.
    • The nurse is able to provide effective nursing interventions only if the patient's emotional state is considered.

    Crisis

    • A crisis is an unstable period in a person's life, characterized by the inability to adapt to a change from a precipitating event.
    • Crisis can result from accumulating stressors, illness, or a turning point in life.
    • Successful management of a crisis period is needed to prevent disorganization within the individual or the family unit.

    Illness Behaviors

    • Illness behaviors are responses to feeling unwell, including denial, anxiety, shock, anger, withdrawal, and depression.
    • The nurse's responsibility is to note and respond therapeutically to all behavior.

    Application of the Nursing Process

    • The nursing process is used to meet the many needs of patients in every setting.
    • The LPN/LVN participates in the nursing process by observing patient behavior and assisting in establishing patient problem statements, and working with the RN on outlining appropriate nursing interventions.

    Mental Health Concepts

    • Mental health refers to a person's ability to cope with and adjust to the recurrent stresses of everyday living.
    • Mental health is dynamic and fluctuates along a continuum.
    • Mentally healthy individuals are able to:
      • Enjoy life's activities
      • Adapt successfully to changes
      • Set realistic goals
      • Solve problems
      • Have satisfying working relationships
      • Maintain interpersonal relationships with family and friends

    Factors Affecting Mental Health

    • Inherited characteristics
    • Childhood nurturing
    • Life's circumstances
    • Positive influences:
      • Inherent adequate coping ability
      • Mother-child bonding at birth
      • Success in school
      • Good physical health
      • Financial security
    • Negative influences:
      • Cognitive impairment
      • Schizophrenia
      • Extreme sibling rivalry
      • Parental rejection
      • Deprivation of maternal love
      • Poor physical health
      • Poverty
      • Dysfunctional relationships

    Mental Illness

    • A pattern of behaviors that are:
      • Conspicuous
      • Threatening
      • Disruptive of relationships
      • Deviate significantly from socially and culturally acceptable behaviors
    • A manifestation of dysfunction (behavioral, psychological, and biological)
    • 18.1% of adults in the United States received treatment for a mental health problem in 2018 (National Institute of Mental Health, 2021)
    • 60% of people in the United States will develop a mental health disorder in their lifetime

    History of Mental Health Care

    • Ancient times: believed that mentally ill individuals were possessed by evil spirits
    • Greco-Roman era: introduced the idea of explaining mental illness through observation of behavior
    • Middle Ages: lost understanding of mental illness, believed it was punishment for sins or evidence of possession
    • 16th century: first English institution for the mentally ill, Bethlehem Royal Hospital
    • 17th and 18th centuries: further growth of the sciences, but conditions for the mentally ill were worse than ever
    • 18th century: psychiatry became a separate branch of medicine
    • 19th century: Dr. Philippe Pinel advocated for humane care and maintenance of case history and conversation records
    • 20th century: reform of mental health care, introduction of psychotherapeutic drugs, and deinstitutionalization

    Mental Health Care in the United States

    • 1882: McLean Hospital provided the first psychiatric training school for nurses
    • 1909: Committee for Mental Hygiene formed
    • 1930s: developed electroconvulsive therapy and insulin shock therapy
    • 1940s: passage of the National Health Act and establishment of the National Institute of Mental Health
    • 1950s: introduction of psychotherapeutic drugs
    • 1960s and 1970s: community-based mental health movement and holistic health movement
    • 1978: President's Commission on Mental Health
    • 1980: Mental Health Care Systems Act
    • 1981: Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA)
    • 2018: increased national funding for mental health research and services

    Mental Health Continuum

    • Mental health and mental illness are the opposite ends of a continuum
    • Functioning is normal on the healthy end of the continuum
    • Influences of daily stressors can result in a deterioration of mental health and alterations in behaviors
    • Midpoint on the continuum represents normal mental health
    • Loss of contact with reality can result when an individual is at the illness end of the continuum

    Components of Mental Health

    • Positive self-concept
    • Awareness of responsibility for one's own behavior and its consequences
    • Maintenance of satisfying interpersonal relationships
    • Adaptability to change
    • Effective communication
    • Awareness and acceptance of emotions and their expression
    • Effective problem solving
    • Recognition and use of supportive systems

    Personality Development

    • Erik Erikson's framework: task mastery
    • Sigmund Freud's framework: id, ego, and superego
    • Id: functions on a primitive level, aims for pleasure and avoiding pain
    • Ego: integrates and mediates between the self and the environment
    • Superego: moralistic censoring force, develops from the ego
    • Emotional stability results from harmony between the three substructures

    Self-Concept

    • Comprises four distinct parts:

      • Personal identity
      • Body image
      • Role
      • Self-esteem

    • Personal identity: the organizing principle of the self

    • Body image: mental picture of and feelings toward one's body

    • Role: expected behavior of an individual in a social position

    • Self-esteem: assessment of personal worth### Self-Concept and Self-Esteem

    • Self-esteem comprises thoughts and feelings about oneself.

    • Self-concept is more than the total of its four parts, and it is the frame of reference used for all that a person knows and experiences.

    Stress

    • Stress is the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it.
    • Stressors can be physical, social, economic, chemical, spiritual, or developmental, or a combination of all.
    • The meaning of the stress to an individual determines whether that individual feels distress.
    • Stress is highly subjective and uniquely perceived by the person experiencing it.

    Anxiety

    • Anxiety is a vague feeling of apprehension that results from a perceived threat to the self, although the source is often unknown.
    • Anxiety is a universal emotion and is a response to a stressful event.
    • Anxiety is an internal process that a person experiences when there is a real or perceived threat to the physical body or self-concept.

    Motivation

    • Motivation is the gathering of personal resources or inner drive to complete a task or reach a goal.
    • Motivation is an important aspect in treating emotional problems.

    Frustration

    • Frustration is the emotional response to anything that interferes with goal-directed activity.

    Conflict

    • Conflict is a struggle, usually a mental one, either conscious or unconscious.
    • Conflict results from the simultaneous presence of opposing or incompatible thoughts, ideas, goals, or emotional forces.

    Adaptation and Coping

    • Adaptation refers to the ability to adjust to changing life situations by using various strategies.
    • Coping responses are the responses used to reduce anxiety brought on by stress.
    • Defense mechanisms are behavioral patterns that protect individuals against a real or perceived threat.

    How Illness Affects Mental Health

    • The stress of being ill greatly influences an individual’s mental state and level of functioning.
    • Illness reduces control and sometimes creates instability of circumstances, causing anxiety.

    Illness Behaviors

    • Illness is a state of homeostatic imbalance.
    • When an individual is ill or sick, they do not feel good, and this is the body’s way of saying, “Pay attention to my needs.”

    Crisis

    • A crisis can be defined as an unstable period in a person’s life, characterized by the inability to adapt to a change from a precipitating event.
    • Successful management of a crisis period is needed to prevent disorganization within the individual or the family unit.

    Application of the Nursing Process

    • Nurses use the nursing process to meet the many needs of patients.
    • LPN/LVN participates in the nursing process by observing patient behavior and assisting in establishing patient problem statements, as well as working with the registered nurse (RN) on outlining appropriate nursing interventions.

    Mental Health Concepts

    • Mental health is dynamic and fluctuates along a continuum, and mentally healthy individuals are able to enjoy life's activities, adapt to changes, set realistic goals, and maintain interpersonal relationships.
    • Factors affecting mental health include inherited characteristics, childhood nurturing, and life's circumstances, which can have positive or negative influences on an individual's response to daily stressors.
    • Mental illness or disorder is a manifestation of dysfunction (behavioral, psychological, and biological), and changes in society and the economy have altered the status and situation of many individuals.

    History of Mental Health Care

    • In ancient times, people believed that mental illness was caused by evil spirits, and shamans or medicine men used magical treatments to remove these spirits.
    • In the Greco-Roman era, the Greeks introduced the idea of explaining mental illness through observation of behavior, and Hippocrates viewed mental illness as an imbalance of humors.
    • During medieval times, the church believed that mental illness was punishment for sins, and treatments included exorcisms, physical punishment, and imprisonment.
    • In the 16th century, the first English institution for the mentally ill was founded, and the term "bedlam" originated from the hospital's nickname.
    • During the Renaissance and the Reformation, little changed in the treatment of mental illness, but in the 17th and 18th centuries, psychiatry became a separate branch of medicine, and Dr. Philippe Pinel and Dr. William Tukes introduced humane care and classification of illnesses.
    • In the United States, Dr. Benjamin Rush established the Pennsylvania Hospital for the treatment of the mentally ill, and Dorothea Dix advocated for the care of the mentally ill and led to the establishment of mental hospitals.

    Development of Mental Health Care

    • In the 20th century, the reform of mental health care began, and the Committee for Mental Hygiene was formed to focus on prevention and removal of the stigma of mental illness.
    • Sigmund Freud introduced his theories and treatment for mental illnesses, and psychotherapeutic drugs were introduced in the 1950s.
    • The government started the movement of deinstitutionalization, and community treatment became a goal, with the aim of returning individuals to their home environment and providing a support system.
    • In the 1970s and 1980s, legislatures brought about further changes in mental health treatment, and the President's Commission on Mental Health was established to assess mental health care needs.
    • Nursing is a person-oriented profession, and every interaction with a patient affords an opportunity for assessment of the patient's emotional state.
    • The nurse has the power and responsibility to create an environment that allows the patient to have a positive experience.
    • Most people have an innate ability to heal themselves, and the nurse can help the patient use this inner healing capacity through nursing interventions.

    Mental Health Continuum

    • Mental health and mental illness are the opposite ends of a mental health continuum, and functioning is normal on the healthy end of the continuum.
    • The midpoint on the continuum represents normal mental health, and the influences of daily stressors, although affecting the mentally healthy individual, do not normally disrupt mental health.
    • Loss of contact with reality can result when an individual is at the illness end of the continuum.

    Personality and Self-Concept

    • Personality refers to the relatively consistent set of attitudes and behaviors particular to an individual, and it consists of unique patterns of mental, emotional, and behavioral traits.
    • Personality development comes under the influence of genetics and interactions with the environment, and it may be viewed as the total of internal and external patterns of adjustment to life.
    • Erik Erikson provided a framework for understanding personality development in terms of task mastery, and Sigmund Freud described personality development as having three parts: id, ego, and superego.### Self-Esteem and Self-Concept
    • Self-esteem is an individual's assessment of their personal worth, comprising thoughts and feelings about themselves.
    • Self-concept is a broader term, encompassing all perceptions, values, behaviors, and interactions, and serving as a frame of reference for all experiences.

    Stress

    • Stress is a nonspecific response to any demand made on the body, which can be pleasant or unpleasant.
    • Stressors can be physical, social, economic, chemical, spiritual, or developmental, and can be combinations of these.
    • An individual's response to stress is often a learned or conditioned behavior.
    • Stress is highly subjective and can have both positive and negative effects.

    Anxiety

    • Anxiety is a vague feeling of apprehension that results from a perceived threat to the self.
    • Anxiety is a universal emotion and a response to stressful events.
    • Anxiety can be described in terms of levels, with higher levels immobilizing coping skills and resulting in emotional chaos.
    • Signs of higher levels of anxiety include vocal changes, rapid speech, increased pulse, respirations, and blood pressure, tremors, restlessness, and others.

    Motivation

    • Motivation is the inner drive to complete a task or reach a goal, generated by anticipation of reward or punishment.
    • Motivation is an important aspect in treating emotional problems, and can help patients through the stages of recovery.

    Frustration

    • Frustration is the emotional response to anything that interferes with goal-directed activity.
    • Frustration can lead to anxiety when adaptive behavior fails.

    Conflict

    • Conflict is a struggle, usually mental, resulting from the simultaneous presence of opposing or incompatible thoughts, ideas, goals, or emotional forces.
    • Conflict can lead to anxiety and can be resolved easily or lead to serious levels of anxiety.

    Adaptation and Coping

    • Adaptation refers to the ability to adjust to changing life situations using various strategies.
    • Coping responses are used to reduce anxiety brought on by stress, and can include conscious and unconscious behaviors.
    • Defense mechanisms are unconscious, intrapsychic reactions that offer protection to the self from stressful situations.

    Illness and Mental Health

    • Illness can affect mental health by reducing control and creating instability, leading to anxiety.
    • Hospitalization can exchange familiarity with unfamiliarity, leading to anxiety and emotional upheaval.
    • Nurses play a crucial role in addressing the mental health needs of patients, including providing effective patient education and support.

    Crisis

    • A crisis is an unstable period in a person's life, characterized by an inability to adapt to change from a precipitating event.

    • Successful management of a crisis period is needed to prevent disorganization within the individual or family unit.

    • Cultural and ethnic backgrounds affect the patient's and family's behavior during illness.### Crisis and Illness

    • Family members may withdraw from an ill person or the ill person may isolate themselves from the family, presenting an opportunity for personal growth and strength.

    • Phases of crisis are similar to stages in grief and dying, including:

      • Initial phase: confusion, disbelief, and high anxiety
      • Denial phase: grasping of the conviction that everything will be all right
      • Reality phase: expression of anger and remorse
      • Sadness and crying phase: acknowledgment and expression of loss
      • Reconciliation phase: acceptance of the new reality and adaptation

    Nursing Intervention in Crisis

    • Help individuals or families get through a crisis by providing accurate information and empathic gestures.
    • Identify family supports and adequate coping mechanisms to recognize family communication patterns.
    • Active listening, restating facts, and using therapeutic communication techniques can help address problems constructively.
    • Offer flexibility in visiting hours to reduce frustration of separation.
    • Crisis often resolves over a 4-6 week period, resulting in the development of coping mechanisms and redefinition of goals and roles in life.

    Crisis Intervention

    • Goals:
      • Decrease emotional stress and protect the victim
      • Assist the victim in organizing and mobilizing resources
      • Return to pre-crisis status or a higher functional level
    • Steps:
      1. Assess the situation and individual involved in the crisis
      2. Determine possible interventions with input from relevant parties
      3. Implement the intervention plan

    Assessment of Emotional Status

    • General appearance: dress, makeup, and hygiene
    • General behavior: activity level, posture, gait, and response to examination
    • Speech pattern: rate, tone, loudness, and quantity content
    • Content of thought: reality-oriented, delusional, hallucinations, or non-reality-based thinking
    • Mood and affect: overall feeling state and affect
    • Sensorial function: orientation, memory, attention, and abstract thinking ability
    • Insight and judgment: understanding of the situation and willingness to take action
    • Potential for danger: potential for violence or self-harm, degree of impulse control, and history of violence or aggression

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    Learn about basic mental health concepts and how they are applied in various healthcare settings by Licensed Practical/Vocational Nurses. Understand how patients respond to changes in daily activities due to illness and hospitalization.

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