Chapter 1 PSYC 326: Mental Health in Children and Adolescents

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Questions and Answers

What is comorbidity?

Two or more disorders

According to the infographic, what is the prevalence of depression/anxiety in girls compared to boys during adolescence?

Two times more likely

What is the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in boys compared to girls in childhood?

Four times more likely

What are the three aspects of Socioeconomic Status (SES)?

Parental education, parental employment, and income Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of eating disorders in girls compared to boys during adolescence?

Five times more likely Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of comorbidity on children and families?

Increased burden on families Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Canadian children have a mental health disorder?

1 in 5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why anxiety is least likely to receive treatment?

Lack of experts in child mental health Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the percentage of new cases in a given time frame?

Incidence Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the factors that contribute to the prevalence rates of mental health disorders?

Gender and SES Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children receive treatment for their mental health problems?

About 50% Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of evidence-based practice?

An approach that combines scientific research, clinical expertise, and patient characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the barriers to treatment for mental health disorders in children?

Economic barriers Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the percentage of children in a population with a mental health disorder?

Prevalence Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between SES and parental mental illness?

Higher SES is associated with lower parental mental illness Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the likelihood of children in single parent homes having substance use or behavioural disorders?

6 times more likely Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of indigenous children in Canada live in low SES?

40% Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of immigrant children in Canada who live in low SES?

33% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the difference in prevalence of psychological disorders across ethnic groups?

Differences in SES Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children receive treatment for psychological disorders?

50% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor that contributes to the prevalence of psychological disorders?

Both genetic and environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between SES and anxiety or mood disorders in single parent homes?

Lower SES is associated with higher anxiety or mood disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of prevalence in the context of mental disorders?

The total number of cases of mental disorders in a population at a specific point in time Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between point prevalence and lifetime prevalence?

Point prevalence is the number of cases at a specific point in time, while lifetime prevalence is the total number of cases over a lifetime Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of evidence-based practice in promoting well-being in children and their families?

To integrate research and clinical expertise Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents?

1 in 5 children Signup and view all the answers

Who are the professionals involved in the coordination of services for children?

Physicians, teachers, psychologists, and other relevant professionals Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge in determining prevalence?

Variability in reporting and data collection Signup and view all the answers

What has been reported by the CMHA regarding emergency department visits between 2008-09 and 2018-19?

A 61% increase in emergency department visits Signup and view all the answers

What are the Four C's of Ethical Standards?

Competence, Confidentiality, Consent, and Conflict of Interest Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of incidence in the context of mental disorders?

The number of new cases of mental disorders within a specific time period Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the limitations of confidentiality in working with children?

Danger to self or others Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of ethics in working with children?

Respect for people's rights and dignity Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of understanding prevalence and incidence in mental health?

To allocate resources for mental health services Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between prevalence and incidence?

Prevalence is the total number of cases, while incidence is the number of new cases Signup and view all the answers

What do psychologists, psychiatrists, and other professionals need to avoid in working with children?

Multiple relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in the principle of beneficence and nonmaleficence?

Doing no harm and promoting well-being Signup and view all the answers

Who are the professionals involved in the treatment of children?

Pediatricians, nurses, marriage and family therapists, social workers, speech-language pathologists, occupational therapists, and special education teachers Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Prevalence and Incidence of Mental Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Prevalence refers to the percentage of children in a population with a disorder.
Incidence refers to the percentage of new cases in a given time frame.
1 in 5 Canadian children have a mental health disorder.
40% of children with a mental health disorder have more than one disorder.
Prevalence is higher in adolescence than younger childhood.

Factors that Contribute to Prevalence and Incidence

Age: prevalence increases with age.
Gender:
- Boys: more likely to have autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, and conduct problems.
- Girls: more likely to have depression, anxiety, and eating disorders.
Socioeconomic Status (SES):
- 3 aspects: parental education, employment, and family income.
- Lower SES associated with increased risk of psychological disorders.
Race and Ethnicity:
- Complex relationship with childhood disorders.
- Differences in SES across ethnicities.
- Minority groups more likely to be low SES.
- Likelihood of identification and treatment varies across ethnic groups.

Access to Treatment

Only half of children with mental health disorders receive treatment.
ADHD more likely to receive treatment, anxiety least likely.
Increased use of psychotropic medication, especially for ADHD.
Barriers to treatment include:
- Economic barriers.
- Socio-cultural factors.
- Lack of experts in child mental health.
- Stigma.

Evidence-Based Practice

Integrates scientific research, clinical expertise, and patient characteristics.
Three factors:
- Scientific research.
- Clinical expertise.
- Patient characteristics.

Treatment Providers

Multiple care providers involved, including:
- Psychologists.
- Psychiatrists.
- Pediatricians.
- Nurses.
- Marriage and family therapists.
- Social workers.
- Speech-language pathologists.
- Occupational therapists and special education teachers.
- School counselors and child life experts.

Ethical Considerations

APA ethics code guides practice and research.
Ethical principles:
- Beneficence and nonmaleficence.
- Fidelity and responsibility.
- Integrity.
- Justice.
- Respect for people's rights and dignity.
Special ethical issues in working with children:
- Competence.
- Consent.
- Confidentiality.
- Conflicts of interest.

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