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Questions and Answers
What was the primary change that occurred at the Queen Street site in 1998?
What was the primary change that occurred at the Queen Street site in 1998?
Which of the following organizations merged to create CAMH (Centre for Addiction and Mental Health)?
Which of the following organizations merged to create CAMH (Centre for Addiction and Mental Health)?
What is the name given to the redevelopment plan of the 1001 Queen Street Site?
What is the name given to the redevelopment plan of the 1001 Queen Street Site?
Which psychoanalytic technique involves exploring the symbolic meaning of patients' recollections during therapy sessions?
Which psychoanalytic technique involves exploring the symbolic meaning of patients' recollections during therapy sessions?
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In psychoanalysis, what term describes feelings that the analyst unconsciously directs toward the patient, potentially stemming from the analyst's own unresolved issues?
In psychoanalysis, what term describes feelings that the analyst unconsciously directs toward the patient, potentially stemming from the analyst's own unresolved issues?
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Which of the following is a criticism of the psychoanalytic paradigm?
Which of the following is a criticism of the psychoanalytic paradigm?
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Schema Therapy integrates techniques from various therapeutic approaches. Which of the following is NOT explicitly mentioned as one of these contributing approaches?
Schema Therapy integrates techniques from various therapeutic approaches. Which of the following is NOT explicitly mentioned as one of these contributing approaches?
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According to Schema Therapy, early maladaptive schemas can develop from which of the following?
According to Schema Therapy, early maladaptive schemas can develop from which of the following?
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In Schema Therapy, which coping mechanism involves acting in a way that is the opposite of what the schema dictates?
In Schema Therapy, which coping mechanism involves acting in a way that is the opposite of what the schema dictates?
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The behaviour/learning paradigm views psychopathology as responses learned through various mechanisms. What did this paradigm originally focus solely on?
The behaviour/learning paradigm views psychopathology as responses learned through various mechanisms. What did this paradigm originally focus solely on?
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Which is NOT a main type of learning that determines behaviour?
Which is NOT a main type of learning that determines behaviour?
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What is the primary focus of organizations operated by and for people with a history of mental illness?
What is the primary focus of organizations operated by and for people with a history of mental illness?
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Which initiative, started in 1991 in Ontario, is focused on peer development?
Which initiative, started in 1991 in Ontario, is focused on peer development?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential program offered by Consumer/Survivor Initiatives?
Which of the following is NOT a potential program offered by Consumer/Survivor Initiatives?
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In the study by Nelson, Ochocka, Janzen, & Trainor (2006), what was the main purpose of evaluating participation in Consumer/Survivor Initiatives (C/S initiatives)?
In the study by Nelson, Ochocka, Janzen, & Trainor (2006), what was the main purpose of evaluating participation in Consumer/Survivor Initiatives (C/S initiatives)?
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In the Nelson, Ochocka, Janzen, & Trainor (2006) study, how was 'active' participation defined at the 18-month interview?
In the Nelson, Ochocka, Janzen, & Trainor (2006) study, how was 'active' participation defined at the 18-month interview?
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According to the content provided, what role do paradigms play in science?
According to the content provided, what role do paradigms play in science?
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According to the content, what is a potential consequence of adopting a particular paradigm?
According to the content, what is a potential consequence of adopting a particular paradigm?
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According to the content, what is one of the limitations that science faces?
According to the content, what is one of the limitations that science faces?
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In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
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What is the focus of behaviour therapy?
What is the focus of behaviour therapy?
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Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement?
Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement?
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What does the 'A' stand for in the ABC model of functional assessment?
What does the 'A' stand for in the ABC model of functional assessment?
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What does positive punishment involve?
What does positive punishment involve?
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Which learning paradigm is Ivan Pavlov associated with?
Which learning paradigm is Ivan Pavlov associated with?
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What does the 'BASIC ID' model, used in Multimodal Therapy, assess?
What does the 'BASIC ID' model, used in Multimodal Therapy, assess?
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Which of the following interventions is an example of positive reinforcement?
Which of the following interventions is an example of positive reinforcement?
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According to the psychoanalytic paradigm, what is the primary function of defense mechanisms?
According to the psychoanalytic paradigm, what is the primary function of defense mechanisms?
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Which of the following best describes the 'reaction formation' defense mechanism?
Which of the following best describes the 'reaction formation' defense mechanism?
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In psychoanalytic theory, what is the primary source of energy for the ego?
In psychoanalytic theory, what is the primary source of energy for the ego?
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Which stage of psychosexual development, when unresolved, is associated with issues of control, anger management, and autonomy?
Which stage of psychosexual development, when unresolved, is associated with issues of control, anger management, and autonomy?
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What is the main goal of psychoanalytic therapy?
What is the main goal of psychoanalytic therapy?
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Which of the following is the best description of the 'diathesis-stress model'?
Which of the following is the best description of the 'diathesis-stress model'?
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Which of the following psychoactive drugs is most commonly used to treat anxiety disorders?
Which of the following psychoactive drugs is most commonly used to treat anxiety disorders?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the 'under-controlled' personality type, as described in the provided information?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the 'under-controlled' personality type, as described in the provided information?
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What is the 'pleasure principle' and with which structure of the mind is it associated?
What is the 'pleasure principle' and with which structure of the mind is it associated?
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Which defense mechanism involves inventing reasons for unreasonable actions or attitudes?
Which defense mechanism involves inventing reasons for unreasonable actions or attitudes?
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In the context of behavioural genetics, what distinguishes a genotype from a phenotype?
In the context of behavioural genetics, what distinguishes a genotype from a phenotype?
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What is a 'diathesis' in the context of the diathesis-stress model?
What is a 'diathesis' in the context of the diathesis-stress model?
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What is the central premise of the biological paradigm of psychopathology?
What is the central premise of the biological paradigm of psychopathology?
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Which of the following factors are linked together in the diathesis-stress model?
Which of the following factors are linked together in the diathesis-stress model?
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What is the relationship between predisposition and disorder in the context of behavioral genetics?
What is the relationship between predisposition and disorder in the context of behavioral genetics?
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What is the role of stressors in the diathesis-stress model?
What is the role of stressors in the diathesis-stress model?
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What is the historical context of the biological paradigm in Canada and elsewhere?
What is the historical context of the biological paradigm in Canada and elsewhere?
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Which therapeutic approach aligns with the cognitive paradigm of psychopathology?
Which therapeutic approach aligns with the cognitive paradigm of psychopathology?
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Flashcards
Queen Street Site Redevelopment
Queen Street Site Redevelopment
Transitioned from a psychiatric hospital to a public hospital in 1998.
CAMH
CAMH
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, formed from a merger of four institutions.
Consumer Survivor Ex-Patient Movement
Consumer Survivor Ex-Patient Movement
A movement advocating for the rights of mental health service users.
Dr. Reaume
Dr. Reaume
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Consumer Survivor Initiatives (CSIs)
Consumer Survivor Initiatives (CSIs)
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Consumer/Survivor Initiatives
Consumer/Survivor Initiatives
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Ontario Peer Development Initiative (OPDI)
Ontario Peer Development Initiative (OPDI)
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Nelson et al. (2006) Study
Nelson et al. (2006) Study
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Factors Examined in Study
Factors Examined in Study
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Active Participation Definition
Active Participation Definition
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Role of Paradigms in Science
Role of Paradigms in Science
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Consequence of Adopting a Paradigm
Consequence of Adopting a Paradigm
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Importance of Shared Paradigms
Importance of Shared Paradigms
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Transference
Transference
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Countertransference
Countertransference
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Childhood Experiences Impact
Childhood Experiences Impact
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Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms
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Schema Therapy
Schema Therapy
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Early Maladaptive Schemas
Early Maladaptive Schemas
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Coping Mechanisms
Coping Mechanisms
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Learning Paradigm
Learning Paradigm
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Diathesis-Stress Model
Diathesis-Stress Model
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Resilient Type
Resilient Type
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Overcontrolling Type
Overcontrolling Type
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Undercontrolled Type
Undercontrolled Type
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Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud
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ID
ID
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EGO
EGO
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Superego
Superego
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Psychosexual Stages
Psychosexual Stages
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Paradigm in Psychopathology
Paradigm in Psychopathology
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Biological Paradigm
Biological Paradigm
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Genotype vs. Phenotype
Genotype vs. Phenotype
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Behavioural Genetics
Behavioural Genetics
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Clinical Syndromes
Clinical Syndromes
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Psychoanalytic Paradigm
Psychoanalytic Paradigm
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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
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Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
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Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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Conditioned Response (CR)
Conditioned Response (CR)
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Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
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Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
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ABC Model (Functional Assessment)
ABC Model (Functional Assessment)
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Study Notes
Queen Street Site Redevelopment
- In 1998, the Queen Street site transitioned from a provincially-run psychiatric hospital to a public hospital.
- This transformation led to the creation of CAMH.
- CAMH resulted from a merger of the Addiction Research Foundation, the Clarke Institute, Queen Street Mental Health Centre, and the Donwood Institute.
- CAMH is affiliated with the University of Toronto (U of T).
1001 Queen Street Site Redevelopment
- The site at 1001 Queen Street was redeveloped into a project called "Urban Village".
CAMH Redevelopment (2010)
- A redevelopment of CAMH facilities took place in 2010.
Consumer Survivor Ex-Patient Movement
- Dr. Reaume, a York University professor, published a work in 2000 called "Remembrance of Patients Past: Patient Life at the Toronto Hospital for the Insane, 1870-1940."
- Dr. Reaume inspired David Reville, a psychiatric survivor and part-time TMU instructor known for "History of Madness."
Consumer Survivor Initiatives (CSI)
- CSIs are organizations run by and for people with a history of mental illness.
- In Ontario, the Ontario Peer Development Initiative (OPDI) began in 1991.
- Potential CSI programs include one-to-one peer support, self-help & peer support groups, community-economic development, education/training for public & mental health professionals, advocacy, opportunities for CSs to develop skills, resource development based on CS knowledge, and artistic & cultural activities.
Consumer/Survivor Initiatives (Study: Nelson, Ochocka, Janzen, & Trainor (2006))
- This longitudinal study (baseline, 9 months, 18 months) evaluated the effects of participation in CSI initiatives on wellbeing.
- Seven factors examined: social support, community integration, personal empowerment, subjective quality of life, symptom distress, utilization of hospitals, employment/education
- Data on participants and active participants (minimum number of hours of participation) at baseline, 9 months, and 18 months were tracked, to see the trends.
Paradigms in Science
- Paradigms are sets of basic assumptions, creating perspectives, for conceptualizing and evaluating scientific subject matter, gathering meaningful data, and determining how to approach the topic, shaping the field of study.
- Science is limited by the current state of knowledge and maintaining objectivity when examining thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
- Paradigms are fundamental to science, both intrinsic to it and shaping rules.
- Biases inevitable in a scientific paradigm are introduced into the definition and collection of data and can affect the interpretation of facts and meaning.
Primary/Integrative Paradigms of Psychopathology
- Biological (diathesis-stress model)
- Psychoanalytic (schema therapy)
- Humanistic (dialectical behaviour therapy)
- Behavioural (learning) (Lazarus' multimodal therapy)
- Cognitive (cognitive behavioural therapy)
Biological Paradigm
- A continuation of the somatogenic hypothesis: mental disorders are caused by aberrant or defective biological processes.
- Often called the medical or disease model, this was the dominant paradigm in Canada and elsewhere from the late 1800s to the mid-20th century.
Behavioural Genetics
- Studies individual differences in behavior due to genetic makeup.
- Genotype: unobservable genetic constitution, fixed at birth.
- Phenotype: totality of observable behavioral traits, dynamic. influenced by both genotype and environment, like intelligence.
- Clinical syndromes are disorders of the phenotype, not the genotype.
Nature & Nurture (Twin Studies) (Video)
- Twin studies examining influence of genetic factors in psychopathology are presented in the video on nature and nurture.
Integrative Paradigm: The Diathesis-Stress Model (Video)
- Links biological, psychological, and environmental factors
- Shows diathesis, the constitutional predisposition toward a given illness, is influenced by genetic factors and may be triggered by stress. Stressors (internal/external factors) induce physical or emotional stress and coping mechanisms in individuals.
- Examples from biological and psychological realms (e.g., schizophrenia, genetic diathesis, depression, cognitive set for hopelessness, dissociative identity disorder).
Diathesis-Stress Model in Research Action
- Based on a sample of 300 American boys, researchers found three biologically-based personality types: resilient, overcontrolling, and under-controlled.
- A more recent longitudinal study on children from baseline (10-12 years old) to 18 years examined life experiences and adjustment using the diathesis-stress model.
- This study revealed that the underlying differences (in externalizing problems or substance use) related to the under-controlling personality type were explained by differences in levels and types of childhood maltreatment.
Biological Clinical Approaches to Treatment
- Prevention and/or treatment of mental disorders are possible via bodily functioning alterations (implication of biological paradigm).
- Most common biological therapies used today don't stem from precise knowledge of given disorders.
Biological Treatments
- Most commonly used psychoactive drugs: Valium (anxiety disorders), Prozac (depression), Clozaril (schizophrenia), Ritalin (ADHD).
- Other biological treatments include deep brain stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy.
Psychoanalytic Paradigm
- Suggested that psychopathology originates from unconscious conflicts within the individual.
- Formed by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
- Explores the structure of the mind into conscious and unconscious.
Psychoanalysis: Structure of the Mind
- Presents the Id, Ego, and Superego.
- Id operates on the pleasure principle (immediate gratification). Has a basic biological component.
- Ego operates on the reality principle, mediating between the id and the superego. Has a psychological component.
- Superego operates on the perfection principle (conscience), enforcing social expectations. Has a social component.
Psychoanalytic Paradigm: Defense Mechanisms
- Neurotic anxiety (unconnected to real threat) requires defense mechanisms.
- Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies ego uses to lessen anxiety, discharging Id energy but avoiding true motivation.
Psychosexual Stages (and Fixations)
- Explains how unresolved issues during developmental stages can manifest in adult problems.
- Oral stage fixation leads to trust issues, low self-esteem.
- Anal stage fixation leads inability to express anger, autonomy issues.
- Phallic stage fixation leads to difficulty accepting sexuality.
Psychoanalytic Therapy
- An insight therapy aiming to resolve childhood conflicts using techniques like free association, resistance, interpretation, dream analysis, and transference.
Psychoanalytic Concepts: Transference & Countertransference
- Transference: Patient responses are influenced by prior relationships, reflected in the analyst-patient interaction.
- Countertransference: Feelings analyst unconsciously directs to the patient due to personal vulnerabilities.
Evaluating Psychoanalytic Paradigm
- Contributions: acknowledging the impact of childhood experiences on adult personality and the role of unconscious influences, and the use of defense mechanisms.
- Criticisms: concepts based on limited samples, not objective and theoretical.
Integrated Therapy Model: Schema Therapy
- Combines cognitive, behavioral, psychoanalytic (object relations, attachment), and Gestalt therapeutic approaches.
- Addresses core emotional needs (e.g., mistrust, abandonment, incompetence/dependence)
- Aims to resolve early maladaptive schemas and establish coping mechanisms.
Behaviour/Learning Paradigm
- Views psychopathology as learned responses akin to other behaviors.
- Origins focused on observable behavior, not subjective experience.
- Central assumption: environmental factors and prior learning affect behavior.
- Key types of learning theories within this paradigm:
- Classical conditioning (Pavlov, Watson)
- Operant conditioning (Skinner)
- Modeling (Bandura)
Learning Paradigm: Classical Conditioning
- Pavlov (1849-1936) with dogs; an unconditional response is changed by learning association with a conditioned stimulus.
- Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) → Unconditioned response (UCR)
- Conditioned stimulus (CS) → Conditioned response (CR)
Classical Conditioning: The Case of "Little Albert"
- Watson & Rayner (1924) study
- Demonstrating learned emotional responses (via classical conditioning).
Learning Paradigm: Operant Conditioning
- Skinner (1904-1990) researched conditioning using rats & other animals.
- Demonstrates how behavior can be altered via rewards (reinforcement) and punishments (reducing the likelihood of behavior).
Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement & Punishment
- Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior (e.g., praise, reward).
- Negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behaviour (e.g. taking aspirin for pain).
- Positive punishment decreases the likelihood of a behaviour (e.g., punishment, shock).
- Negative punishment decreases the likelihood of behaviour (e.g., time-out, deprivation).
Behaviour Therapy
- Systematic use of learning principles to improve individuals' behaviours to better their functioning.
- Examples: positive reinforcement, systematic desensitization, token economics, shaping, and social skills training.
Behaviour Therapy: Functional Assessment (ABC Model)
- Analyzing antecedents, behaviours, and consequences to understand and change behaviours.
Integrative Therapy: Lazarus’ Multimodal Model
- Uses a comprehensive model (BASIC ID) to create treatment plans.
- Addressing behaviour, affect, sensations, imagery, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, drugs/biology (as needed)
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Description
Test your knowledge on the history of CAMH, significant figures in mental health, and key concepts in psychoanalysis. This quiz will explore various therapeutic techniques and the evolution of mental health services. Perfect for students in psychology or those interested in mental health awareness.