Mental Health and Psychoanalysis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary change that occurred at the Queen Street site in 1998?

  • It was sold to a private healthcare corporation for redevelopment into luxury condominiums.
  • It transitioned from a provincially run psychiatric hospital into a public hospital. (correct)
  • It was converted into a research facility focused solely on addiction studies.
  • It was demolished to make way for a new commercial shopping center.
  • Which of the following organizations merged to create CAMH (Centre for Addiction and Mental Health)?

  • Ontario Medical Association, Canadian Mental Health Association, Toronto General Hospital, and Sunnybrook Hospital.
  • World Health Organization, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Centre for Disease Control, and the Public Health Agency of Canada.
  • American Psychiatric Association, National Alliance on Mental Illness, Mental Health America, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
  • Addiction Research Foundation, the Clarke Institute, Queen Street Mental Health Centre, and Donwood Institute. (correct)
  • What is the name given to the redevelopment plan of the 1001 Queen Street Site?

  • Urban Village (correct)
  • Queen's Landing
  • The Sanctuary Project
  • The Wellness Hub
  • Which psychoanalytic technique involves exploring the symbolic meaning of patients' recollections during therapy sessions?

    <p>Dream Analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In psychoanalysis, what term describes feelings that the analyst unconsciously directs toward the patient, potentially stemming from the analyst's own unresolved issues?

    <p>Countertransference (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a criticism of the psychoanalytic paradigm?

    <p>Vague concepts based on anecdotal evidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schema Therapy integrates techniques from various therapeutic approaches. Which of the following is NOT explicitly mentioned as one of these contributing approaches?

    <p>Humanistic Therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Schema Therapy, early maladaptive schemas can develop from which of the following?

    <p>Unmet core emotional needs in childhood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Schema Therapy, which coping mechanism involves acting in a way that is the opposite of what the schema dictates?

    <p>Over-Compensation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The behaviour/learning paradigm views psychopathology as responses learned through various mechanisms. What did this paradigm originally focus solely on?

    <p>Observable behaviour (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a main type of learning that determines behaviour?

    <p>Gene expression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of organizations operated by and for people with a history of mental illness?

    <p>Offering support, advocacy, and skill development opportunities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which initiative, started in 1991 in Ontario, is focused on peer development?

    <p>Ontario Peer Development Initiative (OPDI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential program offered by Consumer/Survivor Initiatives?

    <p>Pharmaceutical research and development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study by Nelson, Ochocka, Janzen, & Trainor (2006), what was the main purpose of evaluating participation in Consumer/Survivor Initiatives (C/S initiatives)?

    <p>To assess the impact of C/S initiatives on 'wellbeing' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Nelson, Ochocka, Janzen, & Trainor (2006) study, how was 'active' participation defined at the 18-month interview?

    <p>Participating 4 hours or more in CSIs in a 16-month period (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content provided, what role do paradigms play in science?

    <p>They define the rules and standards for scientific practice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is a potential consequence of adopting a particular paradigm?

    <p>It can introduce biases into the definition, collection, and interpretation of data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is one of the limitations that science faces?

    <p>The ability to remain completely objective when studying thoughts, emotions, &amp; behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

    <p>A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of behaviour therapy?

    <p>Systematically applying learning principles to assess and improve behaviours. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement?

    <p>Removing an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'A' stand for in the ABC model of functional assessment?

    <p>Antecedents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does positive punishment involve?

    <p>Presenting an aversive stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which learning paradigm is Ivan Pavlov associated with?

    <p>Classical Conditioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'BASIC ID' model, used in Multimodal Therapy, assess?

    <p>The biological, affective, sensation, imagery, cognitive, interpersonal, and drug/biological functioning of the client. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following interventions is an example of positive reinforcement?

    <p>Giving a pay check (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the psychoanalytic paradigm, what is the primary function of defense mechanisms?

    <p>To protect the ego from being overwhelmed by anxiety by discharging some id energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the 'reaction formation' defense mechanism?

    <p>Expressing the opposite of one's true feelings to mask unacceptable impulses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In psychoanalytic theory, what is the primary source of energy for the ego?

    <p>Psychic energy derived from the id. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of psychosexual development, when unresolved, is associated with issues of control, anger management, and autonomy?

    <p>Anal Stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of psychoanalytic therapy?

    <p>To remove earlier repression and help the client face childhood conflicts, gain insight, and resolve them. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the best description of the 'diathesis-stress model'?

    <p>A predisposition (diathesis) interacts with environmental stressors to increase the likelihood of a mental disorder. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following psychoactive drugs is most commonly used to treat anxiety disorders?

    <p>Valium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the 'under-controlled' personality type, as described in the provided information?

    <p>Greater risk for substance use and externalizing problems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'pleasure principle' and with which structure of the mind is it associated?

    <p>The id's drive to seek immediate gratification of needs and desires. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves inventing reasons for unreasonable actions or attitudes?

    <p>Rationalization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of behavioural genetics, what distinguishes a genotype from a phenotype?

    <p>Genotype is the fixed, unobservable genetic constitution, while phenotype is the dynamic interaction between genotype and environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'diathesis' in the context of the diathesis-stress model?

    <p>A predisposition or set of characteristics that increases the likelihood of developing a disorder. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central premise of the biological paradigm of psychopathology?

    <p>Mental disorders stem from aberrant or defective biological processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors are linked together in the diathesis-stress model?

    <p>Biological, psychological, and environmental factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between predisposition and disorder in the context of behavioral genetics?

    <p>Only the predisposition or diathesis may be inherited, not the disorder itself. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of stressors in the diathesis-stress model?

    <p>They are events or conditions that trigger the expression of inherited tendencies toward certain traits or behaviours. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the historical context of the biological paradigm in Canada and elsewhere?

    <p>It was the dominant paradigm from the late 1800s until the middle of the twentieth century. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic approach aligns with the cognitive paradigm of psychopathology?

    <p>Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Queen Street Site Redevelopment

    Transitioned from a psychiatric hospital to a public hospital in 1998.

    CAMH

    Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, formed from a merger of four institutions.

    Consumer Survivor Ex-Patient Movement

    A movement advocating for the rights of mental health service users.

    Dr. Reaume

    York University professor who published about patient life in early mental health facilities.

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    Consumer Survivor Initiatives (CSIs)

    Programs aimed at supporting mental health service users and their voices.

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    Consumer/Survivor Initiatives

    Organizations run by individuals with mental illness histories to promote recovery and support.

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    Ontario Peer Development Initiative (OPDI)

    A program in Ontario started in 1991 offering peer support and services for mental health.

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    Nelson et al. (2006) Study

    Longitudinal study evaluating the impact of Consumer/Survivor initiatives on wellbeing.

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    Factors Examined in Study

    Social support, community integration, empowerment, quality of life, symptom distress, hospital use, employment.

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    Active Participation Definition

    Participation criteria in the study: 2 hours within 8 months for 9-months, 4 hours in 16 months for 18-months.

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    Role of Paradigms in Science

    Basic assumptions that guide how to study and interpret a subject.

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    Consequence of Adopting a Paradigm

    Paradigms can bias data definition, collection, and interpretation.

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    Importance of Shared Paradigms

    Shared paradigms provide standards and rules for scientific research among scientists.

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    Transference

    Patient's responses reflect past relationships, not current.

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    Countertransference

    Analyst's unconscious feelings towards the patient from their own issues.

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    Childhood Experiences Impact

    Childhood shapes adult personality significantly.

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    Defense Mechanisms

    Unconscious strategies to reduce anxiety and manage conflict.

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    Schema Therapy

    Combines various therapies to address core emotional needs.

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    Early Maladaptive Schemas

    Negative beliefs stemming from unmet emotional needs in childhood.

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    Coping Mechanisms

    Patterns like surrender, avoidance, and over-compensation used to handle schemas.

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    Learning Paradigm

    Views behavior as learned from the environment, similar to responses.

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    Diathesis-Stress Model

    A model explaining how vulnerabilities interact with stressors to influence mental health outcomes.

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    Resilient Type

    Children who adapt successfully despite stressors and challenges in their environment.

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    Overcontrolling Type

    Characterized by excessive control, often leading to rigidity and anxiety problems.

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    Undercontrolled Type

    Individuals exhibiting greater substance use and externalizing problems due to lack of control.

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    Sigmund Freud

    The founder of psychoanalysis known for his theories on the unconscious mind and psychopathology.

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    ID

    The impulsive part of the mind driven by the pleasure principle seeking immediate gratification.

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    EGO

    The rational part of the mind that mediates between the desires of the ID and the realities of the external world.

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    Superego

    The moral conscience that controls impulses and strives for perfection, often punishing the individual for failure.

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    Psychosexual Stages

    Stages in psychosexual development that can result in fixation and unresolved adult issues if not navigated successfully.

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    Paradigm in Psychopathology

    A framework that shapes the interpretation of data and theories in mental health.

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    Biological Paradigm

    Views mental disorders as caused by biological processes and emphasized the medical model.

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    Genotype vs. Phenotype

    Genotype is the genetic makeup while phenotype is the observable traits influenced by environment.

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    Behavioural Genetics

    The study of how genetic differences influence behavioral traits.

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    Clinical Syndromes

    Disorders that are manifested through observable behaviors (phenotype) rather than genetics alone.

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    Psychoanalytic Paradigm

    Emphasizes the influence of unconscious processes and early life experiences on behavior.

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    Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

    A therapy that addresses dysfunctional emotions and cognitive processes to improve mental health.

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    Classical Conditioning

    A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response.

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    Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

    A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior conditioning.

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    Unconditioned Response (UCR)

    An unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus.

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    Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

    A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

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    Conditioned Response (CR)

    A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become conditioned.

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    Operant Conditioning

    A learning principle where the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

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    Positive Reinforcement

    Adding a desirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

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    ABC Model (Functional Assessment)

    A framework analyzing problem behavior by examining Antecedents, Behaviors, and Consequences.

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    Study Notes

    Queen Street Site Redevelopment

    • In 1998, the Queen Street site transitioned from a provincially-run psychiatric hospital to a public hospital.
    • This transformation led to the creation of CAMH.
    • CAMH resulted from a merger of the Addiction Research Foundation, the Clarke Institute, Queen Street Mental Health Centre, and the Donwood Institute.
    • CAMH is affiliated with the University of Toronto (U of T).

    1001 Queen Street Site Redevelopment

    • The site at 1001 Queen Street was redeveloped into a project called "Urban Village".

    CAMH Redevelopment (2010)

    • A redevelopment of CAMH facilities took place in 2010.

    Consumer Survivor Ex-Patient Movement

    • Dr. Reaume, a York University professor, published a work in 2000 called "Remembrance of Patients Past: Patient Life at the Toronto Hospital for the Insane, 1870-1940."
    • Dr. Reaume inspired David Reville, a psychiatric survivor and part-time TMU instructor known for "History of Madness."

    Consumer Survivor Initiatives (CSI)

    • CSIs are organizations run by and for people with a history of mental illness.
    • In Ontario, the Ontario Peer Development Initiative (OPDI) began in 1991.
    • Potential CSI programs include one-to-one peer support, self-help & peer support groups, community-economic development, education/training for public & mental health professionals, advocacy, opportunities for CSs to develop skills, resource development based on CS knowledge, and artistic & cultural activities.

    Consumer/Survivor Initiatives (Study: Nelson, Ochocka, Janzen, & Trainor (2006))

    • This longitudinal study (baseline, 9 months, 18 months) evaluated the effects of participation in CSI initiatives on wellbeing.
    • Seven factors examined: social support, community integration, personal empowerment, subjective quality of life, symptom distress, utilization of hospitals, employment/education
    • Data on participants and active participants (minimum number of hours of participation) at baseline, 9 months, and 18 months were tracked, to see the trends.

    Paradigms in Science

    • Paradigms are sets of basic assumptions, creating perspectives, for conceptualizing and evaluating scientific subject matter, gathering meaningful data, and determining how to approach the topic, shaping the field of study.
    • Science is limited by the current state of knowledge and maintaining objectivity when examining thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
    • Paradigms are fundamental to science, both intrinsic to it and shaping rules.
    • Biases inevitable in a scientific paradigm are introduced into the definition and collection of data and can affect the interpretation of facts and meaning.

    Primary/Integrative Paradigms of Psychopathology

    • Biological (diathesis-stress model)
    • Psychoanalytic (schema therapy)
    • Humanistic (dialectical behaviour therapy)
    • Behavioural (learning) (Lazarus' multimodal therapy)
    • Cognitive (cognitive behavioural therapy)

    Biological Paradigm

    • A continuation of the somatogenic hypothesis: mental disorders are caused by aberrant or defective biological processes.
    • Often called the medical or disease model, this was the dominant paradigm in Canada and elsewhere from the late 1800s to the mid-20th century.

    Behavioural Genetics

    • Studies individual differences in behavior due to genetic makeup.
    • Genotype: unobservable genetic constitution, fixed at birth.
    • Phenotype: totality of observable behavioral traits, dynamic. influenced by both genotype and environment, like intelligence.
    • Clinical syndromes are disorders of the phenotype, not the genotype.

    Nature & Nurture (Twin Studies) (Video)

    • Twin studies examining influence of genetic factors in psychopathology are presented in the video on nature and nurture.

    Integrative Paradigm: The Diathesis-Stress Model (Video)

    • Links biological, psychological, and environmental factors
    • Shows diathesis, the constitutional predisposition toward a given illness, is influenced by genetic factors and may be triggered by stress. Stressors (internal/external factors) induce physical or emotional stress and coping mechanisms in individuals.
    • Examples from biological and psychological realms (e.g., schizophrenia, genetic diathesis, depression, cognitive set for hopelessness, dissociative identity disorder).

    Diathesis-Stress Model in Research Action

    • Based on a sample of 300 American boys, researchers found three biologically-based personality types: resilient, overcontrolling, and under-controlled.
    • A more recent longitudinal study on children from baseline (10-12 years old) to 18 years examined life experiences and adjustment using the diathesis-stress model.
    • This study revealed that the underlying differences (in externalizing problems or substance use) related to the under-controlling personality type were explained by differences in levels and types of childhood maltreatment.

    Biological Clinical Approaches to Treatment

    • Prevention and/or treatment of mental disorders are possible via bodily functioning alterations (implication of biological paradigm).
    • Most common biological therapies used today don't stem from precise knowledge of given disorders.

    Biological Treatments

    • Most commonly used psychoactive drugs: Valium (anxiety disorders), Prozac (depression), Clozaril (schizophrenia), Ritalin (ADHD).
    • Other biological treatments include deep brain stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy.

    Psychoanalytic Paradigm

    • Suggested that psychopathology originates from unconscious conflicts within the individual.
    • Formed by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
    • Explores the structure of the mind into conscious and unconscious.

    Psychoanalysis: Structure of the Mind

    • Presents the Id, Ego, and Superego.
    • Id operates on the pleasure principle (immediate gratification). Has a basic biological component.
    • Ego operates on the reality principle, mediating between the id and the superego. Has a psychological component.
    • Superego operates on the perfection principle (conscience), enforcing social expectations. Has a social component.

    Psychoanalytic Paradigm: Defense Mechanisms

    • Neurotic anxiety (unconnected to real threat) requires defense mechanisms.
    • Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies ego uses to lessen anxiety, discharging Id energy but avoiding true motivation.

    Psychosexual Stages (and Fixations)

    • Explains how unresolved issues during developmental stages can manifest in adult problems.
    • Oral stage fixation leads to trust issues, low self-esteem.
    • Anal stage fixation leads inability to express anger, autonomy issues.
    • Phallic stage fixation leads to difficulty accepting sexuality.

    Psychoanalytic Therapy

    • An insight therapy aiming to resolve childhood conflicts using techniques like free association, resistance, interpretation, dream analysis, and transference.

    Psychoanalytic Concepts: Transference & Countertransference

    • Transference: Patient responses are influenced by prior relationships, reflected in the analyst-patient interaction.
    • Countertransference: Feelings analyst unconsciously directs to the patient due to personal vulnerabilities.

    Evaluating Psychoanalytic Paradigm

    • Contributions: acknowledging the impact of childhood experiences on adult personality and the role of unconscious influences, and the use of defense mechanisms.
    • Criticisms: concepts based on limited samples, not objective and theoretical.

    Integrated Therapy Model: Schema Therapy

    • Combines cognitive, behavioral, psychoanalytic (object relations, attachment), and Gestalt therapeutic approaches.
    • Addresses core emotional needs (e.g., mistrust, abandonment, incompetence/dependence)
    • Aims to resolve early maladaptive schemas and establish coping mechanisms.

    Behaviour/Learning Paradigm

    • Views psychopathology as learned responses akin to other behaviors.
    • Origins focused on observable behavior, not subjective experience.
    • Central assumption: environmental factors and prior learning affect behavior.
    • Key types of learning theories within this paradigm:
      • Classical conditioning (Pavlov, Watson)
      • Operant conditioning (Skinner)
      • Modeling (Bandura)

    Learning Paradigm: Classical Conditioning

    • Pavlov (1849-1936) with dogs; an unconditional response is changed by learning association with a conditioned stimulus.
    • Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) → Unconditioned response (UCR)
    • Conditioned stimulus (CS) → Conditioned response (CR)

    Classical Conditioning: The Case of "Little Albert"

    • Watson & Rayner (1924) study
    • Demonstrating learned emotional responses (via classical conditioning).

    Learning Paradigm: Operant Conditioning

    • Skinner (1904-1990) researched conditioning using rats & other animals.
    • Demonstrates how behavior can be altered via rewards (reinforcement) and punishments (reducing the likelihood of behavior).

    Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement & Punishment

    • Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior (e.g., praise, reward).
    • Negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behaviour (e.g. taking aspirin for pain).
    • Positive punishment decreases the likelihood of a behaviour (e.g., punishment, shock).
    • Negative punishment decreases the likelihood of behaviour (e.g., time-out, deprivation).

    Behaviour Therapy

    • Systematic use of learning principles to improve individuals' behaviours to better their functioning.
    • Examples: positive reinforcement, systematic desensitization, token economics, shaping, and social skills training.

    Behaviour Therapy: Functional Assessment (ABC Model)

    • Analyzing antecedents, behaviours, and consequences to understand and change behaviours.

    Integrative Therapy: Lazarus’ Multimodal Model

    • Uses a comprehensive model (BASIC ID) to create treatment plans.
    • Addressing behaviour, affect, sensations, imagery, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, drugs/biology (as needed)

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    Test your knowledge on the history of CAMH, significant figures in mental health, and key concepts in psychoanalysis. This quiz will explore various therapeutic techniques and the evolution of mental health services. Perfect for students in psychology or those interested in mental health awareness.

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