Mental Disorders Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of a mental disorder?

A persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment in functioning.

What is the name of the classification system used to diagnose mental disorders?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

The medical model of mental disorders suggests that abnormal psychological experiences are illnesses.

True

What are the three key factors that the biopsychosocial model suggests Mental illness results from?

<p>Biological, psychological, and social factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the presence of two or more disorders in an individual?

<p>Comorbidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The United States has the lowest rate of mental disorders among countries.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the 16-question interview included in the DSM-5-TR to understand the cultural influences on a client's mental disorder?

<p>Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which international classification system, created by the World Health Organization (WHO), is similar to the DSM and used in many countries worldwide?

<p>International Classification of Diseases (ICD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four key terms in diagnosis related to mental disorders as discussed in the provided document?

<p>Disorder, Disease, Diagnosis, Prognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key features that characterize anxiety disorders?

<p>Anxiety as the predominant feature, often experiencing more than one type of anxiety disorder at a time, significant comorbidity between anxiety and depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which three types of phobias are listed in the provided text?

<p>Animals, Natural Environments, Situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fear of public places, often stemming from the fear of experiencing panic symptoms?

<p>Agoraphobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of panic disorder?

<p>Sudden occurrences of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms resulting in extreme terror</p> Signup and view all the answers

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by chronic, excessive worry focused on a particular threat.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom associated with GAD?

<p>Excessive Sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

Women are more likely to experience GAD than men.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of symptoms associated with OCD?

<p>Obsessions and compulsions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major brain circuit that has been linked to OCD by brain-imaging studies?

<p>Cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main characteristics of PTSD?

<p>Chronic physiological arousal, intrusive thoughts or images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of reminders of the trauma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

PTSD is more common in women than men.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main forms of mood disorders?

<p>Depression and bipolar disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is characterized by a severely depressed mood lasting at least two weeks.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder?

<p>Persistent depressive disorder is less severe than major depressive disorder and lasts for a longer duration (at least 2 years).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom commonly associated with MDD?

<p>Increased energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Depression is more common in women than in men.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two key cognitive models of depression as discussed in the provided text?

<p>Cognitive Model (Aaron T. Beck) and Helplessness theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bipolar disorder involves extreme shifts between manic episodes (high mood) and depressive episodes (low mood).

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of bipolar disorder listed in the provided text?

<p>Bipolar III Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature that differentiates Bipolar I Disorder from Bipolar II Disorder?

<p>Bipolar I Disorder involves at least one manic episode and one depressive episode, while Bipolar II Disorder involves at least one depressive episode and one hypomanic episode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia is characterized by distorted perceptions of reality, emotional disturbance, and disruptions in thought, motivation, and behavior.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of symptom associated with schizophrenia?

<p>Anxiety Symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophrenia is more common in women than in men.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epigenetic changes, which involve alterations to gene expression without changes in DNA sequence, can contribute to the susceptibility to schizophrenia.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with schizophrenia often have enlarged ventricles in their brains, indicating brain tissue loss.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

<p>Persistent communication deficits and restricted and repetitive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

ASD is more common in boys than in girls.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two key features of ADHD?

<p>Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

ADHD is more commonly diagnosed in adults than in children.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conduct disorder is more common in girls than in boys.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three broad areas of symptoms associated with Conduct Disorder?

<p>Rule-breaking, theft/deceit, and aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conduct Disorder is a disorder often diagnosed with ADHD, substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general definition of a personality disorder?

<p>Enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others, or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three clusters that the DSM-5-TR groups personality disorders into?

<p>Odd/eccentric, Dramatic/erratic, and Anxious/inhibited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)?

<p>A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, typically beginning in childhood or early adolescence and continuing into adulthood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic criterion for APD as described in the provided text?

<p>Fear of Commitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Criminal psychopaths, when exposed to negative emotional stimuli, show lower brain response than non-criminals, suggesting a decreased ability to detect and respond to threats.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two leading causes of death in the United States for individuals between the ages of 15-24?

<p>Suicide and homicide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Suicide is more common in women than in men.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) is a deliberate destruction of body tissue without the intention to die.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

People who engage in NSSI often experience strong emotional and physiological responses to negative events and may perceive these as intolerable, leading them to use NSSI as a way to diminish their emotional intensity.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the DSM-5-TR?

<p>To diagnose and classify mental disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The DSM-5-TR provides treatment for mental disorders?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Physiognomy?

<p>It refers to the idea that mental disorders can be diagnosed from facial features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main categories of treatments for mental disorders?

<p>Psychological treatments and biological treatments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eclectic Psychotherapy involves combining techniques from different types of therapy based on the client's needs.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of Psychotherapeutic approach discussed in the provided text?

<p>Neurofeedback therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy?

<p>Develop insight into unconscious conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Person-Centered Therapy emphasizes that individuals have a natural growth tendency.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central focus of Gestalt Therapy?

<p>The present moment and helping clients take responsibility for their thoughts and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Behavioral Therapy is based on the assumption that disordered behavior is learned and can be treated by changing maladaptive behaviors using techniques like operant conditioning and classical conditioning.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of Cognitive Therapy?

<p>To identify and correct distorted thinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key principle of Cognitive Therapy?

<p>Emotional Regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a combination of cognitive and behavioral strategies that are problem-focused and action-oriented.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Family Therapy involves multiple participants working together on individual issues in a group therapy setting.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Group Therapy is only effective when individuals are struggling.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism of action of Antipsychotic medications?

<p>Blocking dopamine receptors in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of medications is known to enhance GABA's calming effects and are often effective for treating anxiety disorders?

<p>Antianxiety medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antidepressants are more effective for treating depression.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of antidepressants?

<p>Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mood stabilizers are often used to treat bipolar disorder.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phototherapy involves exposing individuals to bright light, which can be an effective treatment option for Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mental Disorders

  • Definition: A persistent disturbance in behavior, thoughts, or emotions, causing significant distress or impairment.
  • Medical Model: Abnormal psychological experiences are illnesses with biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and potential cures.
  • Diagnosis: Clinicians assess signs (objective indicators) and symptoms (subjective reports) to determine the nature of a disorder. Robin Williams' symptoms, for example, included depressed mood and substance-related struggles, suggesting both depressive and substance-use disorders.
  • Differing Terminologies:
    • Disorder: A common set of signs and symptoms.
    • Disease: A known pathological process affecting the body.
    • Diagnosis: A determination of whether a disorder or disease is present.
    • Prognosis: The likely course of a disease or ailment.
  • DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders): A classification system describing mental disorders' symptoms, distinguishing them from similar problems.
    • DSM-5-TR: Contains 22 major categories and over 200 mental disorders. High comorbidity (individuals reporting two or more disorders).
  • Epidemiology: The study of the distribution and causes of health and disease. U.S. has the highest rate of mental disorders.
  • Cultural Context: Culture influences how mental disorders are experienced, described, assessed, and treated. Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) is used in assessments to understand how culture might influence a client's experience.
  • Prognosis of Mental Disorders: Mental disorders often have a typical course over time, but the medical model is an oversimplification, and a single cause/cure is rarely the case.
  • Biopsychosocial Model: Mental health/illness results from interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors.
    • Diathesis-stress model: Mental illness emerges from an individual's predisposition (diathesis) combined with a major stressor.
  • DSM Evolution: DSM is not a rigid guide but rather a dictionary-like reference introducing new initiatives.
    • RDoC (Research Domain Criteria): Focuses on the processes behind disorders rather than surface symptoms, e.g., responsiveness to reward in addiction.
  • Research on Addiction and Mental Disorders:
    • Variations in the DRD2 gene are linked to abnormalities in frontal-lobe and striatum connectivity, impulsiveness, and responsiveness to rewards.
  • Stigma and Mental Health Treatment: Stigma often prevents individuals with mental disorders from seeking treatment (approximately 60% do not).
  • Anxiety Disorders: Marked by anxiety as the predominant feature; often co-occur.
    • Phobic Disorders: Persistent excessive fear of specific objects, activities, or situations.
      • Specific Phobias: Defined by irrational fear of particular objects or situations. Categories include animals, natural environments (heights), situations (bridges), blood/injections/injury, and other (chocking, loud noises).
    • Panic Disorder: Characterized by multiple psychological/physiological panic attacks. Often includes agoraphobia.
    • Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Characterized by chronic, excessive, and often unrealistic worry. Risk factors include biological and psychological factors, with some hereditary component.
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Classified separately from anxiety disorders due to distinct causes and maintenance by differing neural pathways.
    • Obsessions and compulsions such as checking, ordering, etc. are common.
    • High heritability, approximately 50%, and strong genetic heritability of OCD traits has been found.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Characterized by chronic physiological arousal, intrusive thoughts/images, and avoidance of trauma reminders.
  • Mood Disorders: Characterized primarily by mood disturbances.
    • Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Characterized by severely depressed mood lasting at least two weeks and other symptoms like feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, sleep, and appetite changes.
      • Persistent Depressive Disorder: Similar to MDD, but symptoms are less severe and last longer (at least 2 years).
      • Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): Depression with a seasonal pattern, occurring usually in winter. Prevalence (approximately 18% of U.S. adults). Gender differences and Socioeconomic factors potentially play a role.
  • Bipolar Disorder: Involves extreme shifts between manic (high mood) and depressive episodes.
    • Types: Bipolar I and II; Cyclothymic Disorder
  • Schizophrenia: A psychotic disorder marked by distortions in reality. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, emotional disturbance, and disruptions in thought, motivation, and behavior.
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Characterized by persistent communication deficits and restricted and repetitive behaviors.
  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Characterized by inattention or hyperactivity/impulsivity.
  • Conduct Disorder: Characterized by a persistent pattern of behavior violating others' rights. Includes aggression towards people/animals, property destruction, theft, etc.
  • Personality Disorders (DSM-5-TR): Enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others. Ten specific personality disorders are categorized into three clusters:
    • Odd/eccentric
    • Dramatic/erratic
    • Anxious/inhibited
  • Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD): Characterized by disregard for rights of others; history of conduct disorder in childhood/adolescence.
  • Suicide and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI):
    • Suicide (intentional self-inflicted death).
    • NSSI (deliberate destruction of body tissue without intent to die). It's often used as a coping mechanism for emotional distress.
  • Prevalence and Treatment: High percentages of individuals experience mental disorders (e.g., 46.4% lifetime prevalence; 26.2% lifetime). Common reasons for avoiding treatment include unawareness of needing it, self-reliance beliefs, or structural barriers (cost/availability).

Treatment Approaches

  • Psychological treatments: Interaction with a clinician to change behavior and brain function.
  • Biological treatments: Drugs, surgery, etc., used to directly affect brain function.
  • Eclectic Psychotherapy: Combines various techniques from different approaches to meet client needs.
  • Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: Explores childhood events for insight into psychological issues; emphasizes unconscious processes.
  • Person-Centered Therapy: Focuses on the client's natural growth tendency, demonstrating empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard.
  • Behavioral Therapy: Assumes disordered behavior is learned, treats it through conditioning (e.g., exposure therapies).
  • Cognitive Therapy: Corrects distorted thoughts.
  • Group Therapy: Multiple participants address individual issues in a group.
  • Biological Treatments:
    • Psychopharmacology:
      • Antipsychotics: Block dopamine receptors (e.g., chlorpromazine).
      • Antianxiety: Enhance GABA effects (e.g., benzodiazepines).
      • Antidepressants: Increase serotonin and/or norepinephrine (e.g., SSRIs, SNRIs).
      • Mood stabilizers: Used to treat bipolar disorder (e.g., lithium).
  • Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS).
  • Alternative Treatments: Natural supplements (e.g, Omega-3s) and phototherapy.

Treatment Considerations

  • Placebo effect: Improvement due to belief in treatment.
  • Natural Improvement: Worsening or improvement of symptoms due to time, unrelated to interventions.
  • Ethical concerns in treatment include avoidance of iatrogenic illness (illness stemming from treatment); adherence to ethical standards and use of empirically-supported methods.

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Explore the key concepts of mental disorders, including definitions, the medical model, and diagnostic criteria. This quiz delves into the terminology used in psychology, offering insights into how disorders are classified and diagnosed. Gain a deeper understanding of mental health conditions and their implications.

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