Mental Capacity Act 2019: Person-Centred Care

• Person-centred care is essential for healthcare workers to understand and implement effectively.
• Understanding person-centred care includes planning and achieving its key features.
• Healthcare is regulated to maintain high standards via regulatory agencies like the Care Quality Commission (CQC) and the Health & Safety Executive (HSE).
• An individual’s developmental stage, long-term conditions and diseases alter care needs and service provision throughout life, including death and bereavement.
• Promoting independence and self-care is positively linked to the care and service provision, relating to the 6Cs and the importance of safeguarding.
• The 6Cs include caring support with kindness, consideration, respect, empathy, good communication, bravery and openess, commitment/dedication, and proficiency by applying knowledge, skills, understanding and expertise.

Mental Capacity (Amendment) Act 2019

• Designed to protect the rights of and safeguard individuals over 16 who lack mental capacity for their treatment or care choices.
• Mental capacity is the ability to understand, remember, and communicate information to make decisions.
• Mental Capacity (Amendment) Act 2019 safeguards, supports, and protects the rights of individuals 16+ who lack the mental capacity to make decisions
• This Act replaced Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards (DoLS) with Liberty Protection Safeguards (LPS) to streamline mental capacity assessments.
• The Liberty Protection Safeguards aims to simplify access to assessments, support carers, involve families, allow the NHS to make efficient decisions, consider liberty restrictions, and remove repeat assessments when someone moves.

Care Act 2014 Principles

• Empowerment: Individuals should be supported to make independent decisions based on information
• Protection: Safeguarding adults and providing representation for those who need it most.
• Prevention: Training staff in safeguarding procedures and having preventative services is crucial.
• Proportionality: Actions should be proportionate to the risk to avoid being overprotective.
• Partnership: Collaboration between professionals, groups, and communities is important
• Accountability: Healthcare professionals justify decisions, following org policies/practices

Regulatory Bodies and Their Roles

• Healthcare regulations are legally mandated standards enforced by official government organizations.
• Inspections of services are conducted by regulators like the CQC and Ofsted to ensure safety, effectiveness, and good management.
• Inspection reports are made public and healthcare settings are expected to improve.
• Regulations and inspections allow service users to be informed and trust the services
• Some regulatory bodies register care professionals to determine ‘fit to practise’.

Inspection

• The process of observing and carrying out checks to see whether services provided meet the required standards.

Regulator

• Independent organization that carries out inspections to monitor and rate the quality of services provided.

Care Quality Commission (CQC)

• The CQC regulates health and social care in England, inspecting hospitals, GP surgeries, care homes, community and mental health services, and social service departments.
• There are 13 fundamental standards of care the CQC sets out
• The CQC licenses and registers care services, inspects settings, publishes ratings, issues cautions, provides recommendations, enforces special measures, and closes inadequate services.
• The CQC aims to ensure safe, effective, compassionate, high-quality care and focuses on service improvement.
• Regulatory inspections provide transparency, reassure the public, inform service choices, and help practitioners improve.

Transparency

• Nothing is concealed, hidden or covered up; inspections show things exactly as they are, whether good or not.

Health and Safety Executive (HSE)

• The HSE is the national independent regulator for health and safety in the workplace, including public and private healthcare. It was created through the Health & Safety at Work Act 1974.
• The HSE enforces health and safety laws, inspects workplaces after non-clinical incidents, advises on workplace health, and strives to improve health and safety.
• It can investigate incidents, collect samples, and check compliance, providing advice, ‘improvement' notices, and ‘prohibition' notices.

Health and Safety Regulations

• Manual Handling Operations Regulations 2002: Staff require training in moving & handling, using equipment when needed
• Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER) 1998
• Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences
• Regulations 2013 (RIDDOR): Refer to A3.1 pages 51
• Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999: risk assessments need to be carried out and control measures put in place
• Regulations Care must appoint a manager, the process of evaluating the likelihood of a harmful hazard
• Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) Regulations 1995: Care settings identify food safety hazards and create safe preparation procedures
• Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) 2002

Risk assessment

• The process of evaluating the likelihood of a hazard actually causing harm.

Control measures

• Actions that can be taken to reduce the risks posed by a hazard or to remove the hazard altogether.

General Dental Council (GDC)

• The GDC is the UK statutory independent regulator for dental care professionals created in 1956 to set and maintain dental care standards and protect people.
• The GDC registers qualified dentists and other dental professionals and ensuring quality dental of education and training.
• If dental professionals completed the minimum CPD requirements to update knowledge and skills, the GDC provides protection for public safety.
• Fitness to practice complaints regarding dental professionals are investigated if raised.

Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC)

• The NMC is the professional regulator of nurses and midwives in the UK and nursing associates in England. NMC registrants must revalidate skills and knowledge every 3 years.
• NMC registrants must renew skills and knowledge every 3 years. Evidence that is required includes at least 35 hours of CPD and five written reflective accounts.
• Registered professionals must uphold the standards set out in the NMC code.

Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC)

• Regulates 15 professionals: paramedics, physiotherapists, dieticians, occupational therapists, prosthetists, orthotists, and speech/language therapists.
• Healthcare programmes must include practice-based learning, and must be relevant to current practice and deveope evidence-based practice.
• The HCPC registers qualified professionals and take action for misconduct, e.g. social media, and failure to maintain adequate records.

Ofsted

• Inspects and regulates social care services for children/young people with responsibility to regulate children’s homes under the Child Standards Act (CSA) 2000.
• Ofsted inspects education and skills training, and provides ratings of ‘Outstanding', ‘Good',‘Requires improvement' or ‘Inadequate'.
• If ratings are ‘Inadequate’, it means they will be put in ‘Special measures' and reviewed to monitor progress.

Information Commissioners Office (ICO)

• Independent body whose role is to uphold and promote information rights and the ICO website contains summariese and checklists for reviewing data protection policies.
• ICO audits and advisory visits assess health organizations regarding personal data and releases reports, indicating concerns, practice, and recommendations.

Human Lifespan Stages

• Development occurs throughout life, following norms, with most growth in infancy, childhood, and adolescence but learning at any life stage.
• Transitions and life events include starting school or illness which are expected or sudden.

Typical Care Needs

• Nutrition and hydration are essential.
• Personal care promotes cleanliness and may need to be provided by someone else where it is difficult or impossible to do yourself.
• Encouraging relationships are more likely to be happy and healthy.
• Personal growth is concern with improvement with help and knowledge.
• Independence develops as one is self-reliant.
• Babies rely on carers for hydration, nutrition, and personal care needs, leaving primary carer may be difficult transition.
• Toddlers need with self-estee for example, when starting primary and require physical help.
• Adolescents undergo school, puberty, relationship navigating, tests, university, are a step to supporting each other.
• As teenagers go through physical changes, social and emotional issues may arrise.
• Changing jobs, marraige, having children can provide support for early adulthood , while divorce and family break up.
• Coping with stress, menopause, and family responsibilities all bring possible challenges while in middle adulthood.
• Aging impacts to varying health problems, mobility loss, or sensory issues
• Support with hydration, health and nutrition can still be imporatnt at later adulthood

Effects of Aging

   Eyesight: Cataracts and glaucoma may lead to blindness.
   Hair: Thinning, slowed growth, graying, and balding.
   Hearing: Deterioration, especially with quiet and high-pitched sounds.
   Heart: Reduced efficiency accompanied with increased blood pressure and vessel issues, potentially leading to strokes.
   Lungs: Decreased elasticity and weakened muscles affect exercise ability.
    Respiratory system needs to be vaccinated agains flu and pnemonia as are more susceptible to deveope these issues
    Reproductive Menopause happens in women meaning unpleasant conditions/side effect such as sleep/mood changes

Chronic

• A long term illness or condition that lasts than 3 months and on going and be controlled but not cured

Osteoporosis

• Causes a loss of bone density which weakens and as a result they fracture easily.

Person-Centered Care

• Practitioners must work together with an individual to plan their care and support to meet their unique needs at their particular stage in life.
• The person must be at the centre to choose and control how they want their care and support

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

• Maslow’s hierarchy highlights basic needs on the bottom which people must haves met in order to progerss. An individual can then ‘self-actualise', that is, become the person they want to be.
• Highrachy:
  • Breathing, food, water, shelter, clothing, sleep
  • Health, employment, property, family and social ability
  • Friendship, family, intimacy, sense of connection
  • Confidence, achievement, respect of others, the need to be a unique individual
  • Morality, creativity, sponaneity, acceptance,

End of Life Care

• Specialist teams such as community nurses aid palliative terminal cases

Hospice

• Helps and takes care of dying person physical/spiritual/support/pain

Do not resuscitate directive/DNR

• Request that person pass naturally without attempts of CPR.

Integrated Working

• Collaboration by practitioners and service providers of different sectors

Best Interest

• Relates to taking account into an individual's circumstances, needs and preferences before a decision or choice is made.
• An explanation, with examples, of each of the five ‘best interests decision-making principles.

Code of Ethics for Care

Ethics - Is that this includes a sense of self reliance and the ability to maintain/reduce depression Autonomy - This includes giving patients more control and power

Verbal Communication

• Is used everyday and clear

Non Verbal Communication

 - This includes gestures, intersting facials and posture

PECS

stands for ‘picture exchange communication system'; developed for use with children who have

autism, it helps them learn to start communicating by exchanging a picture for the item they want

Barriers to communication

• This often means a difficult or hard to talk or communicate

Easy Understanding

• Can be a helpful/effective way for those who cannot see but cannot be for those who are blind

Communication

• Hearing Loop: can assist those who dont use hearing aids

Managing Conflict

- When someone is overly feeling mad or depressed, being aware of those feeling through questions

Escalating concerns for safegaurding

- Is to report and express to others where there may be issues

Key points that provide person centered care

• Promoting Choice
• Ensuring Diginty and Respect
• Confidentiality

Involvemnt

• With mulitple partners like doctors or GP staff to assist

Autonomey

• When someone has full self-control and rights

Steps for People With Bereavment:

• Be a good-listener.
  • Show those methods of support

Principles

• 6 C’s is care support, all, well, consideration, respect, courage will help
• A main factor from diversity and equality

Key Factors

• There is effective teamwok and an impact in self-caring for someone to improve.