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Questions and Answers
During which phase of the endometrial cycle are estrogen levels highest?
During which phase of the endometrial cycle are estrogen levels highest?
What is menarche defined as?
What is menarche defined as?
What is the predominant hormone during the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?
What is the predominant hormone during the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?
Which hormone drops sharply during the ischemic phase of the endometrial cycle?
Which hormone drops sharply during the ischemic phase of the endometrial cycle?
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The establishment of menstruation is known as:
The establishment of menstruation is known as:
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What is a function of the seminal vesicles?
What is a function of the seminal vesicles?
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During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, what occurs?
During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, what occurs?
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What happens during ovulation in the ovarian cycle?
What happens during ovulation in the ovarian cycle?
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What is a function of the corpus luteum during the ovarian cycle?
What is a function of the corpus luteum during the ovarian cycle?
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What would be the expected date for the ovulation of a woman with a 30-day cycle?
What would be the expected date for the ovulation of a woman with a 30-day cycle?
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Which of the following events in the male reproductive system occurs last during sexual stimulation?
Which of the following events in the male reproductive system occurs last during sexual stimulation?
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A client reports experiencing menorrhagia. Which hormone level would the nurse most likely evaluate first?
A client reports experiencing menorrhagia. Which hormone level would the nurse most likely evaluate first?
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What is the primary function of androgens in females?
What is the primary function of androgens in females?
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In the context of sexual development, which hormone is primarily responsible for conditioning the endometrium in preparation for pregnancy in women?
In the context of sexual development, which hormone is primarily responsible for conditioning the endometrium in preparation for pregnancy in women?
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What is the primary function of the vulva?
What is the primary function of the vulva?
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Which characteristic is associated with perimenopause?
Which characteristic is associated with perimenopause?
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What pH level in the vagina would indicate an acidic environment?
What pH level in the vagina would indicate an acidic environment?
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What defines emission in the male sexual response?
What defines emission in the male sexual response?
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How would a nurse describe the secretion of the seminal vesicles?
How would a nurse describe the secretion of the seminal vesicles?
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Where does fertilization occur in the female reproductive system?
Where does fertilization occur in the female reproductive system?
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Which event typically occurs last in the pubertal progression of a female?
Which event typically occurs last in the pubertal progression of a female?
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During pregnancy, which hormone is inhibited but important for breast milk production after birth?
During pregnancy, which hormone is inhibited but important for breast milk production after birth?
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Which of the following structures are part of the vulva in the female reproductive system?
Which of the following structures are part of the vulva in the female reproductive system?
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In what part of the female reproductive system is the lining shed with menstruation?
In what part of the female reproductive system is the lining shed with menstruation?
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What is the function of the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?
What is the function of the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?
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In the female reproductive system, which hormone is responsible for preparing the endometrium for implantation?
In the female reproductive system, which hormone is responsible for preparing the endometrium for implantation?
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Which action by the nurse would help maintain the acidic environment of the vagina in a client at risk of infection?
Which action by the nurse would help maintain the acidic environment of the vagina in a client at risk of infection?
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During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?
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Which female reproductive hormone is responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy if fertilization occurs?
Which female reproductive hormone is responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy if fertilization occurs?
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Which structure is the most erotically sensitive in most females?
Which structure is the most erotically sensitive in most females?
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What is the primary function of the labia minora in the female reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the labia minora in the female reproductive system?
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In the sexual response cycle, what stage precedes the plateau phase?
In the sexual response cycle, what stage precedes the plateau phase?
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What is one function of colostrum?
What is one function of colostrum?
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Which substance is responsible for thinning semen?
Which substance is responsible for thinning semen?
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What does prolactin stimulate after childbirth?
What does prolactin stimulate after childbirth?
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Which activity is NOT a function of the testes?
Which activity is NOT a function of the testes?
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What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles?
What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles?
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Which sign of pregnancy involves softening of the cervix?
Which sign of pregnancy involves softening of the cervix?
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At what week of gestation is the ovarian enlargement expected to cease?
At what week of gestation is the ovarian enlargement expected to cease?
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Which term refers to the increased vascularity and thickening of the vagina during pregnancy?
Which term refers to the increased vascularity and thickening of the vagina during pregnancy?
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What is the main function of the proliferating breast nodularity during pregnancy?
What is the main function of the proliferating breast nodularity during pregnancy?
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Which change in the uterus results in an ascent into the abdomen after the first 3 months of pregnancy?
Which change in the uterus results in an ascent into the abdomen after the first 3 months of pregnancy?
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What does Goodell's sign characterize in the female reproductive system during pregnancy?
What does Goodell's sign characterize in the female reproductive system during pregnancy?
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When is mucous plug formation expected to occur in the course of pregnancy?
When is mucous plug formation expected to occur in the course of pregnancy?
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What is a common integumentary system adaptation during pregnancy?
What is a common integumentary system adaptation during pregnancy?
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Which of the following is a musculoskeletal system adaptation in pregnant women?
Which of the following is a musculoskeletal system adaptation in pregnant women?
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What is a notable renal/urinary system adaptation during pregnancy?
What is a notable renal/urinary system adaptation during pregnancy?
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Which placental hormone is NOT typically secreted during pregnancy?
Which placental hormone is NOT typically secreted during pregnancy?
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What is a characteristic musculoskeletal adaptation in pregnant women?
What is a characteristic musculoskeletal adaptation in pregnant women?
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Which of the following is an endocrine system adaptation during pregnancy?
Which of the following is an endocrine system adaptation during pregnancy?
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Which is a common respiratory system adaptation in pregnant women?
Which is a common respiratory system adaptation in pregnant women?
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What is a notable integumentary system change during pregnancy?
What is a notable integumentary system change during pregnancy?
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During pregnancy, which renal/urinary system adaptation increases significantly with positioning changes?
During pregnancy, which renal/urinary system adaptation increases significantly with positioning changes?
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What is a typical endocrine system adaptation seen in pregnant women?
What is a typical endocrine system adaptation seen in pregnant women?
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
- A woman with a 28-day cycle ovulates on day 14, and her next menses would begin 14 days later.
- Pubertal events in girls precede the first menses in an orderly progression: development of breast buds, followed by the appearance of pubic hair, then axillary hair, then a growth spurt, and finally menses.
- Estrogen is responsible for developing and maintaining the female reproductive organs.
- The vulva is a collective term for the external female reproductive organs, including the mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, and perineum.
- Vaginal pH is acidic, with a normal pH of 4.5.
- Perimenopause is a time period prior to menopause, characterized by physical changes associated with decreasing estrogen levels, including hot flashes, irregular menstrual cycles, and sleep disruptions.
Male Reproductive System
- The male sexual response includes emission, which is the movement of sperm from the testes and fluids from the accessory glands into the urethra.
- Emission is followed by ejaculation, which is the discharge of semen from the urethra.
- The seminal vesicles secrete an alkaline fluid that contains fructose and prostaglandins, which supplies energy to the sperm and assists in sperm mobility.
Reproductive Hormones
- Testosterone is thought to be the hormone of sexual desire in women.
- Estrogen is the predominant hormone at the end of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle.
- Progesterone is often called the hormone of pregnancy because of its calming effect on the uterus, allowing pregnancy to be maintained.
Menstrual Cycle
- The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle lasts from about day 4 to about day 14, during which several follicles begin to ripen and the ovum within each begins to mature.
- Ovulation occurs when a surge of hormones causes the ovum to burst through the ovary.
- The luteal phase of the ovarian cycle occurs after ovulation, during which the empty, ruptured graafian follicle becomes the corpus luteum and begins to secrete progesterone and estrogen.
Breast Development
- Colostrum is a dark yellow fluid that contains more minerals and protein but less sugar and fat than mature breast milk, secreted by women for the first few days after childbirth.
- Colostrum is rich in maternal antibodies, especially immunoglobulin A (IgA), which offers protection for the newborn against enteric pathogens.### Female Reproductive Anatomy
- Fertilization occurs in the distal portion of the fallopian tubes.
- The vulva includes the mons pubis, labia, clitoris, and prepuce.
- The vagina is an acidic environment.
Pubertal Events
- Pubertal events preceding the first menses have an orderly progression:
- Thelarche (development of breast buds)
- Adrenarche (appearance of pubic and then axillary hair)
- Growth spurt
- Menarche (occurring about 2 years after the start of breast development)
Breastfeeding
- Prolactin is the milk-producing hormone that is inhibited during pregnancy but is important for breast milk production after birth.
- Placental estrogen and progesterone stimulate the development of the mammary glands during pregnancy.
Male Reproductive System
- The organs of the male reproductive system include:
- Testes (where sperm cells and testosterone are made)
- Penis
- Scrotum
- Accessory organs (epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, urethra, bulbourethral glands, and prostate gland)
Menstrual Cycle
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
- The hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
- The ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone.
- Luteinizing hormone is responsible for initiating the menstrual cycle.
Perimenopausal Symptoms
- Symptoms of perimenopause include:
- Vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes and night sweats)
- Irregular menstrual cycles
- Sleep disruptions
- Forgetfulness
- Irritability
- Mood disturbances
- Decreased fertility
- Weight gain and bloating
- Changing bleeding patterns
- Headaches
- Decreased vaginal lubrication
- Fatigue
- Vaginal atrophy
- Depression
Sexual Response Cycle
- The sequence of events in the sexual response cycle is:
- Desire
- Excitement
- Plateau
- Orgasm
Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive System
- The external male reproductive system includes:
- Penis
- Scrotum
- The clitoris is the most erotically sensitive part of the female genitalia.
- The vagina has an acidic environment, which protects it against ascending infections.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the menstrual cycle and hormone levels. Learn about the phases of the endometrial cycle and the role of estrogen and progesterone. Identify when estrogen levels are highest in the menstrual cycle.
