Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the female gonad (ovary)?
What is the main function of the female gonad (ovary)?
- Hormone production and fertilization
- Hormone production and sexual stimulation
- Hormone production and gametogenesis (correct)
- Gametogenesis and fertilization
Where does fertilization primarily occur in the female reproductive system?
Where does fertilization primarily occur in the female reproductive system?
- Oviducts (correct)
- Body of uterus
- Cervix of uterus
- Vagina
What is the function of the fimbriae in the female reproductive system?
What is the function of the fimbriae in the female reproductive system?
- Lined by glands for sexual stimulation
- Site of implantation of embryo
- Sweeping action to pick up ovulated oocyte (correct)
- Entrance to uterine cavity from vagina
Which part of the uterus is responsible for nourishing the embryo and is shed during the menstrual cycle when no embryo is present?
Which part of the uterus is responsible for nourishing the embryo and is shed during the menstrual cycle when no embryo is present?
What hormone prevents the breakdown of the corpus luteum to maintain high progesterone levels required for pregnancy?
What hormone prevents the breakdown of the corpus luteum to maintain high progesterone levels required for pregnancy?
Which hormone stimulates follicles to grow and produce 17-β estradiol during the follicular phase?
Which hormone stimulates follicles to grow and produce 17-β estradiol during the follicular phase?
What triggers ovulation mid-cycle?
What triggers ovulation mid-cycle?
Which hormone differentiates the endometrium into a secretory structure during the luteal phase?
Which hormone differentiates the endometrium into a secretory structure during the luteal phase?
What hormone is responsible for the proliferation of the endometrium during the follicular phase?
What hormone is responsible for the proliferation of the endometrium during the follicular phase?
What hormone maintains the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and maintain pregnancy?
What hormone maintains the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and maintain pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for the growth and production of 17-β estradiol during the follicular phase?
Which hormone is responsible for the growth and production of 17-β estradiol during the follicular phase?
What hormone prevents the switch to positive feedback of the HPO axis at the end of the follicular phase?
What hormone prevents the switch to positive feedback of the HPO axis at the end of the follicular phase?
What does Sophia Wallace propose considering female sexual organs as?
What does Sophia Wallace propose considering female sexual organs as?
According to Dr. Helen O’Connell, what is important to understand about the clitoris?
According to Dr. Helen O’Connell, what is important to understand about the clitoris?
What is the smallest functional unit of the ovary?
What is the smallest functional unit of the ovary?
Where are the follicles located within the ovary?
Where are the follicles located within the ovary?
What hormones are involved in ovarian sex steroid biosynthesis?
What hormones are involved in ovarian sex steroid biosynthesis?
How do sex steroids circulate in the blood?
How do sex steroids circulate in the blood?
What is the aim of the menstrual cycle?
What is the aim of the menstrual cycle?
What does the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle involve?
What does the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle involve?
What characterizes the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
What characterizes the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?
What hormonal changes occur throughout the menstrual cycle?
What hormonal changes occur throughout the menstrual cycle?
What happens approximately 24-36 hours after the LH surge?
What happens approximately 24-36 hours after the LH surge?
What is the role of the corpus luteum after ovulation?
What is the role of the corpus luteum after ovulation?
What happens if the ovulated oocyte has not been fertilized?
What happens if the ovulated oocyte has not been fertilized?
What does the HPO axis involve during the luteal phase?
What does the HPO axis involve during the luteal phase?
What are the shifts in the menstrual cycle primarily associated with?
What are the shifts in the menstrual cycle primarily associated with?
When does the fertile window occur?
When does the fertile window occur?
How do hormonal oral contraceptives prevent ovulation?
How do hormonal oral contraceptives prevent ovulation?
Where does fertilization typically occur?
Where does fertilization typically occur?
How is pregnancy established?
How is pregnancy established?
What does the production of hCG indicate?
What does the production of hCG indicate?
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Study Notes
Menstrual Cycle and Fertility
- Ovulation occurs approximately 24-36 hours after the LH surge, leading to the release of the oocyte from the follicle.
- After ovulation, the emptied follicle is converted into a corpus luteum, which secretes high amounts of progesterone and some estrogen.
- The corpus luteum degenerates within about 14 days if the ovulated oocyte has not been fertilized.
- The HPO axis during the luteal phase involves negative feedback of progesterone and estradiol on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
- The menstrual cycle involves shifts in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (H-P-O) axis, with changes in FSH/LH levels and plasma estrogen levels.
- Uterine changes occur across the menstrual cycle, with the uterus in the menstrual phase during the first ~5 days of the follicular phase of the ovary, followed by the proliferative and secretory phases.
- The end of the luteal phase is marked by a decrease in progesterone and estradiol, leading to the breakdown of the endometrial layer and the onset of menstruation.
- The fertile window includes the period approximately 5 days prior to ovulation and one day following ovulation, with spermatozoa able to live within the female reproductive tract for around 5 days and the oocyte for 12-24 hours.
- Hormonal oral contraceptives work by maintaining continuous low levels of ovarian hormones to keep the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in negative feedback mode, preventing ovulation and fertilization through various mechanisms.
- Fertilization typically occurs in the oviducts, with the union of the ovum and spermatozoa forming a zygote that undergoes mitotic divisions and travels down the oviduct before reaching the uterine cavity in the blastocyst stage.
- Pregnancy is established through the implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall, with the trophoblast producing human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) that can be detected in maternal circulation and urine to confirm pregnancy.
- The production of hCG indicates that the embryo is in the uterus, and it plays a role in maintaining pregnancy.
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