Menopause Overview and Effects

Menopause

• Occurs due to decreased estrogen production and loss of ovarian activity
• Identified by absence of menstruation for six months
• Premature menopause occurs before the age of 40
• Hysterectomy does not affect menopause
• Perimenopause is the period before and after menopause with fluctuating hormones
• Perimenopause usually occurs between 45-55 years old
• Perimenopause causes fluctuating hormones, decreased fertility, mood swings, vasomotor flushes, sleep disturbances
• Increased gonadotropins (LH, FSH) occur due to decreased estrogen and inhibin levels
• Hot flashes are the most common physical complaint of menopausal women
• Estrogen deficiency leads to vaginal dryness, irritation, and dyspareunia
• Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women is caused by decreased estrogen levels, loss of bone matrix and minerals
• Recommended preventative measures for osteoporosis in menopausal women include adequate calcium and protein intake along with physical activity
• Prolonged estrogen intake for more than 10 years is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer
• Excessive estrogen intake can cause endometrial hyperplasia and cancer

Andropause

• Gradual decline in testosterone levels with age in men
• Testosterone declines at a rate of 1% per year after 40
• Low testosterone levels can cause shrinking of the penis and scrotum, decreased facial hair growth, reduced muscle mass and bone density
• DHEAS administration in middle-aged men is associated with prostate enlargement and limited sperm production
• Andropause causes a decrease in muscle mass and strength

Cell Division

• Mitosis is the process of producing two identical diploid cells, for growth and replacement
• Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces four unique haploid cells for sexual reproduction

Spermatogenesis

• Process of forming sperm in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
• Meiosis I results in two haploid secondary spermatocytes
• Spermiogenesis is the transformation of spermatids into mature sperm

Oogenesis

• Process of forming eggs in ovaries
• Resumption of meiosis in primary oocyte is triggered by a surge in LH before ovulation
• One oogonium produces one mature ovum

This quiz covers essential information about menopause and its effects on women's health. It discusses the stages of menopause, common symptoms, and health concerns such as osteoporosis. Test your knowledge on the hormonal changes and recommended measures during this significant life transition.