Menopause Overview and Effects

Study Notes

Occurs due to decreased estrogen production and loss of ovarian activity
Identified by absence of menstruation for six months
Premature menopause occurs before the age of 40
Hysterectomy does not affect menopause
Perimenopause is the period before and after menopause with fluctuating hormones
Perimenopause usually occurs between 45-55 years old
Perimenopause causes fluctuating hormones, decreased fertility, mood swings, vasomotor flushes, sleep disturbances
Increased gonadotropins (LH, FSH) occur due to decreased estrogen and inhibin levels
Hot flashes are the most common physical complaint of menopausal women
Estrogen deficiency leads to vaginal dryness, irritation, and dyspareunia
Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women is caused by decreased estrogen levels, loss of bone matrix and minerals
Recommended preventative measures for osteoporosis in menopausal women include adequate calcium and protein intake along with physical activity
Prolonged estrogen intake for more than 10 years is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer
Excessive estrogen intake can cause endometrial hyperplasia and cancer

Gradual decline in testosterone levels with age in men
Testosterone declines at a rate of 1% per year after 40
Low testosterone levels can cause shrinking of the penis and scrotum, decreased facial hair growth, reduced muscle mass and bone density
DHEAS administration in middle-aged men is associated with prostate enlargement and limited sperm production
Andropause causes a decrease in muscle mass and strength

Mitosis is the process of producing two identical diploid cells, for growth and replacement
Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces four unique haploid cells for sexual reproduction

Process of forming eggs in ovaries
Resumption of meiosis in primary oocyte is triggered by a surge in LH before ovulation
One oogonium produces one mature ovum