Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of meningitis is primarily caused by viruses and is usually mild with complete recovery?
Which type of meningitis is primarily caused by viruses and is usually mild with complete recovery?
What is a common route of infection that involves local extension, such as from otitis media?
What is a common route of infection that involves local extension, such as from otitis media?
Which organism is NOT typically associated with bacterial meningitis in adults and the elderly?
Which organism is NOT typically associated with bacterial meningitis in adults and the elderly?
Which clinical feature is NOT considered a hallmark symptom of meningitis?
Which clinical feature is NOT considered a hallmark symptom of meningitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What complication may arise from meningitis due to cerebral edema?
What complication may arise from meningitis due to cerebral edema?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a characteristic finding in the CSF of a patient with aseptic (viral) meningitis?
Which of the following is a characteristic finding in the CSF of a patient with aseptic (viral) meningitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What pathological finding is associated with tuberculous meningitis?
What pathological finding is associated with tuberculous meningitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which diagnostic procedure is least commonly used for diagnosing meningitis?
Which diagnostic procedure is least commonly used for diagnosing meningitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of acute encephalitis?
What is the primary cause of acute encephalitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which virus is associated with temporal lobe necrosis in acute encephalitis?
Which virus is associated with temporal lobe necrosis in acute encephalitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Negri bodies are characteristic of which condition?
Negri bodies are characteristic of which condition?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a part of the TORCH complex?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the TORCH complex?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main source of Toxoplasmosis infection in neonates?
What is the main source of Toxoplasmosis infection in neonates?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of encephalitis is characterized by infectious proteins?
Which type of encephalitis is characterized by infectious proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the clinical manifestations commonly associated with TORCH infections?
What are the clinical manifestations commonly associated with TORCH infections?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of brain abscess, what can result from rupture of the abscess?
In the context of brain abscess, what can result from rupture of the abscess?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one common effect of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?
What is one common effect of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT an example of a space occupying lesion (SOL)?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a space occupying lesion (SOL)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which site of brain herniation is associated with rapid coma and compression of the cranial nerves controlling eye movement?
Which site of brain herniation is associated with rapid coma and compression of the cranial nerves controlling eye movement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary management strategy used for cerebral edema?
What is a primary management strategy used for cerebral edema?
Signup and view all the answers
What combination of effects is typically observed in adults with hydrocephalus?
What combination of effects is typically observed in adults with hydrocephalus?
Signup and view all the answers
Cerebral infarction is primarily caused by which of the following?
Cerebral infarction is primarily caused by which of the following?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is characteristic of a cerebral vascular accident (CVA)?
Which symptom is characteristic of a cerebral vascular accident (CVA)?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of fluid is associated with vasogenic edema in the brain?
What type of fluid is associated with vasogenic edema in the brain?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between a transient ischemic attack (TIA) and an ischemic stroke?
What is the main difference between a transient ischemic attack (TIA) and an ischemic stroke?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions is NOT a cause of cerebral hemorrhage?
Which of the following conditions is NOT a cause of cerebral hemorrhage?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of hematoma is caused by the rupture of small bridging veins?
Which type of hematoma is caused by the rupture of small bridging veins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common result of severe trauma related to intracerebral hemorrhage?
What is a common result of severe trauma related to intracerebral hemorrhage?
Signup and view all the answers
Which degenerative disease is characterized by loss of functional neurons resulting in dementia and abnormal movement?
Which degenerative disease is characterized by loss of functional neurons resulting in dementia and abnormal movement?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following symptoms is associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of an extradural hematoma after the rupture of the middle meningeal artery?
What is the effect of an extradural hematoma after the rupture of the middle meningeal artery?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition can lead to scarring and epilepsy as a result of delayed effects from head injury?
Which condition can lead to scarring and epilepsy as a result of delayed effects from head injury?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a known cause of dementia?
Which of the following is NOT a known cause of dementia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common clinical symptom of Alzheimer's Disease?
What is a common clinical symptom of Alzheimer's Disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What pathology is associated with Alzheimer's Disease?
What pathology is associated with Alzheimer's Disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of Parkinsonism?
Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of Parkinsonism?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a known secondary cause of Parkinson's Disease?
What is a known secondary cause of Parkinson's Disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin deficiency is linked to subacute combined degeneration of the brain?
Which vitamin deficiency is linked to subacute combined degeneration of the brain?
Signup and view all the answers
Which disorder is characterized by episodes of neurological defects due to selective demyelination?
Which disorder is characterized by episodes of neurological defects due to selective demyelination?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of gait is commonly associated with Parkinson's Disease?
What type of gait is commonly associated with Parkinson's Disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is most commonly associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)?
Which symptom is most commonly associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most commonly used treatment for Guillain-Barré syndrome?
What is the most commonly used treatment for Guillain-Barré syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of nerve injury is characterized by the loss of myelin sheath?
Which type of nerve injury is characterized by the loss of myelin sheath?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is classified under primary brain tumors?
Which of the following is classified under primary brain tumors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about gliomas is correct?
Which of the following statements about gliomas is correct?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary concern regarding benign brain tumors?
What is the primary concern regarding benign brain tumors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of tumor is classified as a lymphoid neoplasm?
Which type of tumor is classified as a lymphoid neoplasm?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor contributes to the classification of tumors in the WHO classification system?
Which factor contributes to the classification of tumors in the WHO classification system?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
CNS Pathology
- This presentation covers various pathologies affecting the central nervous system (CNS).
- Topics covered include infections, space-occupying lesions, brain herniation, brain edema, hydrocephalus, cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs), and degenerative diseases.
- Different types of CNS infections, such as meningitis, encephalitis, and brain abscesses, are discussed.
CNS Infections
-
Meningitis: An acute inflammation of the meninges.
- Anatomical types: Leptomeningitis (pia + arachnoid matter), pachymeningitis (dura).
- Causes: Group B streptococci, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes (neonates); Streptococcus pneumoniae (adults and elderly), H. influenza (non-vaccinated infants); Coxsackie virus (children, fecal-oral transmission); fungi (immunocompromised individuals).
- Symptoms: Fever, severe headache, neck stiffness, nausea, vomiting, confusion, disorientation, photophobia, altered mental status.
- Complications: Death (herniation secondary to cerebral edema); hydrocephalus, hearing loss, seizures.
- Pathology: Subarachnoid pus, organization of pus, turbid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), hydrocephalus, normal cortex.
-
Viral Meningitis: Typically mild, complete recovery.
- Causes: HSV, CMV, enteroviruses, mumps
- Pathology: Clear CSF, lymphocytosis, normal sugar, slightly increased protein.
-
Tuberculosis Meningitis: Pathology on the surface of pia/arachnoid.
- Early exudates with lymphocytes & neutrophils
- Next: Granuloma + fibrocaseous exudates
- Later: fibrosis + adhesion, spread
- Finally: Tuberculoma in cerebrum (adults) - encapsulated mass
-
Brain Abscess: Localized collection of capsulated pus.
- Causes: Bacterial, fungal, parasitic, tumor
- Source: Direct, metastatic
- Clinical effects: As space-occupying lesion (SOL), increased intracranial pressure (ICP), scar formation (epilepsy), rupture, spread.
-
Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain tissue (usually viral).
- Forms: Acute (HSV, HZV, rabies, ...), Persistent (PMLE, CJ virus, SSPE, rubella & measles), Slow (prion diseases).
- Pathology (Acute): Perivascular inflammation, glial hyperplasia, inclusion bodies, neuronal damage, temporal lobe necrosis (HSV), disseminated necrosis (CMV), Negri bodies (rabies).
-
Toxoplasmosis: Parasitic infection of the brain caused by Toxoplasma gondii.
- Neonatal transmission: Transplacental from infected mother
- Other transmission: Ingestion of contaminated foods (especially cat feces)
Routes of Infections
- By blood (direct trauma)
- Local extension (e.g., from otitis media)
- By nerves (e.g., rabies, herpes)
Other CNS Topics
-
Space-Occupying Lesions (SOLs): Examples include abscesses, hematomas, tumors, recent infarcts, brain edema.
- Effects: Increased ICP (headache, vomiting, papilledema, coma), brain herniation, neuronal damage.
-
Brain Herniation: Pushing of part of the brain due to force.
- Types: Supracallosum, tentorial, tonsillar, extracranial
-
Brain Edema: Intracellular and extracellular water increases.
- Causes: Local/general, vasogenic (protein), cytotoxic (watery).
- Effects: Vascular damage, CSF flow obstruction, neuronal damage.
- Management: Mannitol and hypertonic saline (osmotic agents)
-
Hydrocephalus: Increased CSF volume within the cranium.
- Mechanism: Production, obstruction, reabsorption
- Clinical presentation in infants: Increased head size, dilated ventricles, mental retardation
- Clinical presentation in adults: Dilated ventricles, brain atrophy, increased ICP
-
Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVAs): Cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage
- Infarction: Ischemia due to arterial narrowing (thrombosis/atheroma), shock, increased ICP, site is according to affected artery.
- Hemorrhage: Due to hypertension, tumors, bleeding disorders, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).
- Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs): Brief episodes of impaired neurological function due to temporary disruption of cerebral circulation, not associated with permanent damage — precursors to more serious occlusive events.
-
Head Injuries: Any trauma to the scalp, skull, or brain.
- Effects: Concussion, skull fracture, contusion, delayed edema, CSF leak, extradural (epidural), subdural, intracerebral hematoma, scarring, shrinking, epilepsy.
- Degenerative Diseases: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinsonism, prion diseases, others.
-
Classification, causes and clinical manifestations of major types of brain tumours and a brief description of WHO classifications.
- Glioma (Astrocytoma, Oligodendroglioma, Ependymoma, Mixed)
- Meningioma
- Medulloblastoma
- Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors (Schwannoma)
- Neurofibromatosis - A genetic disorder affecting the nervous system resulting in the growth of tumors on nerves.
- Neurological conditions are also investigated.
- Neural Tube Defects: Characterized by failure of neural tube closure, resulting in defects that can involve the vertebrae, skull, meninges, spinal cord, or brain; linked with maternal folic acid deficiency.
- Spina bifida occulta: No clinically apparent abnormalities; often limited to one or two vertebrae.
Diagnosis and Management
- Biopsy (rare)
- Blood culture
- Chest X-ray
- CSF examination (cell count, glucose, protein)
- CT scan of the head
- Gram stain, other special stains, and culture of CSF
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of CSF
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the types of meningitis and encephalitis, their causes, symptoms, and complications. This quiz covers viral and bacterial forms, diagnostic procedures, and key pathological findings. Perfect for students studying neurology or infectious diseases.
