Questions and Answers
What is the name of the membrane that separates 'clean' and 'dirty' cerebrospinal fluid?
Which meningeal layer is highly vascular and adherent to the brain and spinal cord?
What is the name of the space that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Which of the following brain divisions is derived from the Mesencephalon?
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What is the function of the SLYM in the context of immunoregulation?
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Which meningeal layer is attached to the dura mater?
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What is the primary component of white matter in the CNS?
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What is unique about the way oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths?
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What is the term for the grooves on the surface of the brain?
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Which type of glial cell provides immunoregulatory functions in the CNS?
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What is the primary function of microglia in the central nervous system?
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What is the primary function of Schwann cells in the PNS?
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What is the term for microglial cells that have ingested cellular debris and appear globular and swollen?
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What is the CNS counterpart of the fibroblast?
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What is the term for the axons, dendrites, and cytoplasmic projections of glial cells that form the background matrix to neuronal cell bodies in grey matter?
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What is the term for the process by which microglial cells ingest and remove cellular debris?
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Which type of glial cell is responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS?
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What is the term for the process of forming a myelin sheath around axons?
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What is the result of viruses/toxins destroying oligodendrocytes?
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What is the function of astrocytes in relation to the blood-brain barrier?
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What is the primary function of astrocytes in the CNS?
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What is the main difference between grey matter and white matter in the central nervous system?
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What is the main function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?
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Which type of glial cell is responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?
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What is the term for the property of neurons that allows them to generate an impulse?
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Which type of cell is derived from the mesoderm and is involved in the immune response in the central nervous system?
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What is the main function of the blood-brain barrier?
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Which type of glial cell provides nutritional support to neurons?
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What is the term for the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and organelles?
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Which type of cell is responsible for phagocytosis of cellular debris in the central nervous system?
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Study Notes
Meninges
- Pachys: thick
- Arachnoid: membrane attached to dura mater
- Pia mater: highly vascular, adherent to brain and spinal cord
- Leptomeninges: Arachnoid + Pia mater
- Subarachnoid space: contains Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
SLYM (Subarachnoidal Lymphatic-like Membrane)
- Separates “clean” and “dirty” cerebrospinal fluid
- Contains large numbers of myeloid cells, including white blood cells and macrophages
- May have an immune monitoring role
Brain Divisions
- Five brain divisions: convenient for regionally categorizing the locations of brain components
- Forebrain: Telencephalon (Cerebrum, Basal Nuclei, Hippocampus and Amygdala) and Diencephalon (Thalamus and Hypothalamus)
- Midbrain: Mesencephalon
- Hindbrain: Metencephalon (Pons & Cerebellum) and Myelencephalon (Medulla oblongata)
Brain Structure
- Cerebral cortex: Sulcus (pl. sulci) and Gyrus
- Oligodendrocytes: form myelin sheaths for several axons at once (“octopus” shape)
Oligodendrocytes
- Small dark nuclei (between myelin sheaths or around neurons)
- Can be destroyed by viruses/toxins resulting in primary demyelination
- Silver stain
Microglia
- Functions: Immunosurveillance, Immunoregulation, Reparative phagocytic
- Gitter cells (myelophages) are microglial cells that are activated during necrosis or inflammation
- Derived from blood-borne monocyte
- Resident macrophage of CNS
Astrocytes
- CNS counterpart of the fibroblast
- Involved in cell communication and the functioning of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
Spinal Cord
- The canine spine comprises 31 segments of interest
- Functionally divided into 5 areas
Nervous Tissue
- Neurons
- Neuroglia (Glial cells): Astrocytes, Oligodendroglia, Microglial cells, Ependymal cells
- White matter: formed by dense accumulations of myelinated axons
- Grey matter: rich in neuronal cell bodies, glial cells, and neuropil
Grey and White Matter
- Grey matter contains neurons, glial cells, and axons, blood vessels
- White matter contains myelinated axons and glial cells, blood vessels
- Grey matter is peripheral in brain, central in spinal cord
- White matter is peripheral in spinal cord, central in the brain
Cellular Composition of CNS
- Ectodermal origin: Neurons, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes
- Mesodermal origin: Microglia, Vascular endothelium
- Neurons, Glial cells, Ependymal cells, Endothelial cells, Pericytes of blood vessels
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Description
This quiz covers the different layers of meninges, including the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater, as well as the subarachnoid space and cerebrospinal fluid. It also touches on the SLYM and its role in immunity.
