Mendel's Laws of Inheritance (easy difficulty)

Questions and Answers

What is the main principle behind Mendel's Second Law of Independent Assortment?

The alleles of each gene assort independently

What is the result of a dihybrid cross in terms of phenotypes?

All four possible phenotypes are possible in a 9:3:3:1 ratio

What is the principle behind Mendel's Law of Segregation?

Alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation.

What is the purpose of pedigree analysis?

To determine the inheritance pattern of a trait Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an individual with two identical alleles?

Homozygous Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a defective copy of a gene?

A mutated gene that causes a disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Punnett square?

To predict the outcome of simple genetic crosses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of independent assortment of two genes?

The alleles of each gene segregate independently Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol used in a human pedigree to represent a female?

Circle Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the physical basis of allele segregation?

Meiosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the specific allelic composition of an individual?

Genotype Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of phenotypes in a dihybrid cross?

9:3:3:1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of dominant to recessive traits expected in the offspring of a monohybrid cross?

3:1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the law that states two genes on different chromosomes segregate their alleles independently?

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for different versions of the same gene?

Alleles Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate ratio of dominant to recessive traits in the F2 generation?

3:1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the particulate theory of inheritance?

Genetic determinants are inherited as discrete units that remain unchanged Signup and view all the answers

What is the result when the two factors of a single character are different and present in the same plant?

One variant is dominant and the other is recessive Signup and view all the answers

How many discrete hereditary factors does a pea plant contain for a given character?

Two discrete hereditary factors for a given character, one from each parent Signup and view all the answers

What did the data suggest about the mechanism of heredity?

A particulate theory of inheritance Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected ratio of dominant to recessive traits in the F1 generation?

Only dominant traits are expressed Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded about the F2 generation based on the data?

The ratio of dominant to recessive traits is approximately 3:1 Signup and view all the answers

What was refuted by the results of the experiment?

A blending mechanism of heredity Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Punnett Squares and Independent Assortment

A Punnett square is a grid that enables one to predict the outcome of simple genetic crosses.
It was proposed by English geneticist Reginald Punnett.
Punnett squares are used to determine the possible genotypes of offspring by combining the alleles of the gametes.

Independent Assortment

Mendel's Second Law of Independent Assortment states that two genes on different chromosomes segregate their alleles independently.
The inheritance of an allele of one gene does not influence which allele is inherited at a second gene.
In a dihybrid cross, the alleles of each gene assort independently, leading to a set ratio of 9:3:3:1 in the F2 generation.

Modern Genetics

A defective copy of a gene can lead to inheritance patterns that can be analyzed using pedigree analysis.
Symbols are used in pedigree analysis to represent different individuals and their relationships.

Mendel's Laws

Mendel's Law of Segregation states that two alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation and are rejoined at random during fertilization.
The physical basis for allele segregation is the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis.
Mendel's Law of Segregation leads to a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive traits in the F2 generation.

Key Terms

Genotype: the specific allelic composition of an individual.
Phenotype: the outward appearance of an individual.
Homozygous: an individual with two identical alleles.
Heterozygous: an individual with two different alleles.
Alleles: different versions of the same gene.

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Description

Fill in Punnett squares and understand the concepts of linked and independent assortment, according to Mendel's Second Law. Learn how genes combine to form genotypes of offspring.