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Questions and Answers
What is the main principle behind Mendel's Second Law of Independent Assortment?
What is the main principle behind Mendel's Second Law of Independent Assortment?
- The inheritance of an allele of one gene influences the allele of another gene
- The alleles of each gene assort independently (correct)
- The alleles of each gene are linked together
- Only one gene can be inherited at a time
What is the result of a dihybrid cross in terms of phenotypes?
What is the result of a dihybrid cross in terms of phenotypes?
- Three phenotypes are possible
- Only one phenotype is possible
- All four possible phenotypes are possible in a 9:3:3:1 ratio (correct)
- Only two phenotypes are possible
What is the principle behind Mendel's Law of Segregation?
What is the principle behind Mendel's Law of Segregation?
- Alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation. (correct)
- Alleles for a gene are expressed only in heterozygous individuals.
- Alleles for a gene are inherited from only one parent.
- Alleles for a gene combine during gamete formation.
What is the purpose of pedigree analysis?
What is the purpose of pedigree analysis?
What is the term for an individual with two identical alleles?
What is the term for an individual with two identical alleles?
What is the definition of a defective copy of a gene?
What is the definition of a defective copy of a gene?
What is the purpose of a Punnett square?
What is the purpose of a Punnett square?
What is the result of independent assortment of two genes?
What is the result of independent assortment of two genes?
What is the symbol used in a human pedigree to represent a female?
What is the symbol used in a human pedigree to represent a female?
What is the term for the physical basis of allele segregation?
What is the term for the physical basis of allele segregation?
What is the term for the specific allelic composition of an individual?
What is the term for the specific allelic composition of an individual?
What is the ratio of phenotypes in a dihybrid cross?
What is the ratio of phenotypes in a dihybrid cross?
What is the ratio of dominant to recessive traits expected in the offspring of a monohybrid cross?
What is the ratio of dominant to recessive traits expected in the offspring of a monohybrid cross?
What is the name of the law that states two genes on different chromosomes segregate their alleles independently?
What is the name of the law that states two genes on different chromosomes segregate their alleles independently?
What is the term for different versions of the same gene?
What is the term for different versions of the same gene?
What is the approximate ratio of dominant to recessive traits in the F2 generation?
What is the approximate ratio of dominant to recessive traits in the F2 generation?
What is the particulate theory of inheritance?
What is the particulate theory of inheritance?
What is the result when the two factors of a single character are different and present in the same plant?
What is the result when the two factors of a single character are different and present in the same plant?
How many discrete hereditary factors does a pea plant contain for a given character?
How many discrete hereditary factors does a pea plant contain for a given character?
What did the data suggest about the mechanism of heredity?
What did the data suggest about the mechanism of heredity?
What is the expected ratio of dominant to recessive traits in the F1 generation?
What is the expected ratio of dominant to recessive traits in the F1 generation?
What can be concluded about the F2 generation based on the data?
What can be concluded about the F2 generation based on the data?
What was refuted by the results of the experiment?
What was refuted by the results of the experiment?
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Study Notes
Punnett Squares and Independent Assortment
- A Punnett square is a grid that enables one to predict the outcome of simple genetic crosses.
- It was proposed by English geneticist Reginald Punnett.
- Punnett squares are used to determine the possible genotypes of offspring by combining the alleles of the gametes.
Independent Assortment
- Mendel's Second Law of Independent Assortment states that two genes on different chromosomes segregate their alleles independently.
- The inheritance of an allele of one gene does not influence which allele is inherited at a second gene.
- In a dihybrid cross, the alleles of each gene assort independently, leading to a set ratio of 9:3:3:1 in the F2 generation.
Modern Genetics
- A defective copy of a gene can lead to inheritance patterns that can be analyzed using pedigree analysis.
- Symbols are used in pedigree analysis to represent different individuals and their relationships.
Mendel's Laws
- Mendel's Law of Segregation states that two alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation and are rejoined at random during fertilization.
- The physical basis for allele segregation is the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis.
- Mendel's Law of Segregation leads to a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive traits in the F2 generation.
Key Terms
- Genotype: the specific allelic composition of an individual.
- Phenotype: the outward appearance of an individual.
- Homozygous: an individual with two identical alleles.
- Heterozygous: an individual with two different alleles.
- Alleles: different versions of the same gene.
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