genetics

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of a testcross in genetics?

  • To determine the genotype of an individual with unknown genotype (correct)
  • To study multiple genes simultaneously
  • To produce offspring with specific traits
  • To verify that a plant is true-breeding

In Mendel's experiments, what is the ratio of offspring expected if a heterozygous plant is crossed with a homozygous recessive plant?

  • 100% showing the dominant trait
  • 25% showing the dominant trait
  • 75% showing the dominant trait
  • 50% showing the dominant trait (correct)

Which term best describes traits that are most often seen in nature?

  • Dominant traits
  • Wild-type traits (correct)
  • Heterozygous traits
  • Recessive traits

What is the possible genotype of a black dog if it produces offspring with both black and chocolate puppies?

<p>BB or Bb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Mendel use testcrosses in his experiments with pea plants?

<p>To verify true-breeding varieties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What inheritance pattern do many human traits controlled by single genes exhibit?

<p>Simple Mendelian inheritance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Gregor Mendel refer to as 'heritable factors' which are now known as genes?

<p>True-breeding parental plants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Mendel's experiments, why did he choose to track only characters that occurred in 2 distinct alternative forms?

<p>To simplify his experiments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What generation of offspring resulted from a monohybrid cross involving true-breeding parental plants?

<p>F1 generation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ratio did Mendel observe in the F2 generation when crossing true-breeding white- and purple-flowered pea plants?

<p>~3:1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Gregor Mendel's experiments contradict the blending hypothesis of inheritance?

<p>White color disappeared in the F1 generation and reappeared in F2 offspring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Mendel choose true-breeding parental plants for his experiments?

<p>To ensure that the offspring would have the same characteristics as the parents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genetic makeup would the offspring have if a true-breeding purple flower plant is crossed with a true-breeding white flower plant?

<p>All Pp (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a monohybrid cross between two pea plants with the genotypes Pp and Pp, what is the probability of obtaining offspring with the genotype PP?

<p>25% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Mendel's Law of Segregation, what happens during the production of gametes?

<p>Allele pairs segregate and move into different gametes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the phenotypic ratio of offspring resulting from a cross between two pea plants with the genotype Pp?

<p>3 purple : 1 white (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genotypic ratio expected in the F2 generation when crossing two pea plants with the genotype Pp?

<p>1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle of inheritance states that the inheritance of one character does not affect the inheritance of another?

<p>The Principle of Independent Assortment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation may result in an inheritance pattern that deviates from simple Mendelian patterns?

<p>Incomplete dominance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical?

<p>Complete dominance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a monohybrid cross, what would be the expected phenotype ratio of offspring from a cross between two heterozygous parents with complete dominance?

<p>3:1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the appearance of F1 hybrids falling between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties?

<p>Incomplete dominance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If two normal parents (Aa) have a child with albinism (aa), what is the probability that their next child will also have albinism?

<p>$\frac{1}{4}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can consanguineous matings affect the chance of mating between two carriers of the same rare allele?

<p>Increase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes dangerously high levels of blood cholesterol?

<p>Hypercholesterolemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In codominance, how do 2 dominant alleles affect the phenotype?

<p>They both express fully in the heterozygote (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes incomplete dominance in human hypercholesterolemia?

<p>Partial expression of both alleles resulting in an intermediate phenotype (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many alleles are responsible for determining the ABO blood group phenotypes in humans?

<p>3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of traits depend on multiple genes combined with environmental influences?

<p>Polygenic traits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the A and B carbohydrates attached to red blood cells in the ABO blood group system?

<p>By genes IA, IB, and I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Testcross purpose?

Determines genotype of unknown individual by crossing with homozygous recessive.

Heterozygous x Homozygous Recessive Ratio?

50% showing the dominant trait.

Wild-type traits

Traits most commonly observed in natural populations.

Black dog genotypes?

BB or Bb.

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Mendel's testcross usage?

To verify true-breeding varieties; ensured consistent traits.

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Human traits inheritance?

Simple Mendelian inheritance.

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Mendel's 'heritable factors'?

True-breeding parental plants.

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Mendel's 2-form traits?

To simplify his experiments.

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Monohybrid cross offspring?

F1 generation.

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F2 generation ratio?

~3:1

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Mendel vs. blending?

White disappeared in F1 generation and reappeared in F2 offspring.

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Mendel's pure parents?

To ensure that the offspring would have the same characteristics as the parents.

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True-breeding cross result?

All Pp

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Pp x Pp offspring (PP)?

25%

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Law of Segregation?

Allele pairs segregate and move into different gametes.

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Pp x Pp phenotype ratio?

3 purple : 1 white

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Pp x Pp genotype ratio?

1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp

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Independent Assortment?

The Principle of Independent Assortment

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Deviates from Mendelian?

Incomplete dominance.

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Homozygote Dominance?

Complete dominance.

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Heterozygous Complete Dominance?

3:1.

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Hybrids between parental?

Incomplete dominance.

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Aa x Aa, albinism chance?

$\frac{1}{4}$

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Consanguineous mating?

Increase

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High cholesterol?

Hypercholesterolemia

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Codominance effect?

They both express fully in the heterozygote

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Incomplete Hyper expression?

Partial expression of both alleles resulting in an intermediate phenotype

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ABO blood alleles?

3

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Multiple genes + environment?

Polygenic traits

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ABO carbohydrates binding?

By genes IA, IB, and I

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