104 Questions
Which term is used to describe single changes in single base pairs in the genome?
SNPs
What is the approximate frequency of base pair differences between two unrelated individuals in the human genome?
1 in 200
Where is a large part of the genetic variation found in the human genome?
Non-coding DNA
According to Mendel's experiments, which of the following is true about true breeding plants?
True breeding plants always have homozygous traits
What did Mendel observe in the F1 generation when he crossed a parent with smooth seeds and a parent with wrinkled seeds?
All seeds were smooth
What did Mendel observe in the F2 generation when he crossed the F1 generation offspring?
The smooth and wrinkled seed traits were in a ratio of 3 to 1
What did Mendel conclude about the factors that determine traits based on his experiments?
Factors always come in pairs
Which of the following is an example of epistasis?
The absence of enzyme P suppresses the formation of purple pigment.
Which of the following is an example of co-dominance?
The presence of protein H determines the expression of blood type A or B.
Which of the following is an exception to Mendelian genetics?
The combination of multiple alleles determines hair color.
What determines whether blood type A or B is expressed on the surface of red blood cells?
The presence of protein H
According to Mendel's first law, the principle of segregation states that each trait appears in pairs because
genes segregate if you make gametes and then come back together in the next generation
In a dihybrid crossing, what happens if the information for seed form and seed color is located on different chromosomes?
Random formation of gametes can occur
What is the phenotype ratio observed in the offspring of a dihybrid crossing with genotypes of big S/big Y, big S/small Y, small S/big Y, and small S/small Y?
9 yellow and smooth, 3 smooth and green, 3 wrinkled and yellow, 1 green and wrinkled
Mendel's second law, the principle of independent assortment, states that
genes or traits on different chromosomes are independently distributed over the gametes
True or false: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are changes in one base per 200 base pairs in the genome?
True
True or false: Variation in non-coding DNA can still have an effect on phenotype?
True
True or false: Mendel observed traits of peas in his research on how traits are transmitted from one generation to the next generation?
True
True or false: Mendel's experiments involved using true breeding plants, which always produced offspring with the same traits as the parental generation?
True
True or false: In a mono-hybrid crossing between smooth and wrinkled seeds, all the offspring in the F1 generation have smooth seeds?
True
True or false: In the F2 generation of a mono-hybrid crossing, the ratio of smooth seeds to wrinkled seeds is 3:1?
True
True or false: Genes always come in pairs and separate during gametogenesis, but come back together in the zygote during fertilization?
True
True or false: In meiosis, each cell has a 25% chance of ending up with a specific combination of chromosomes.
True
True or false: Co-dominance occurs when both alleles are expressed, leading to a phenotype that shows a mix of both traits.
True
True or false: Epistasis occurs when the absence of one gene suppresses the phenotype produced by another gene.
True
True or false: In the example of blood groups, the presence or absence of the H protein determines whether the A or B antigen can be expressed on the surface of red blood cells.
True
Mendel's first law, the principle of segregation, states that each trait appears in pairs because they are located on separate chromosomes.
False
In a dihybrid crossing, the genotypes of the offspring will always be heterozygous for both traits.
False
Mendel's second law, the principle of independent assortment, states that genes or traits on different chromosomes are dependent on each other during meiosis.
False
Mendel's experiments with true breeding plants led him to conclude that genes are responsible for the inheritance of traits.
True
Which scientist first described sex-linked inheritance?
Thomas Morgan
What is the difference between the X and Y chromosomes in males and females?
Males have an X and Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes
Where is the majority of genetic information located in the fruit fly?
On the X chromosome
What type of trait is color blindness in this pedigree?
Sex-linked trait
Which males in this pedigree can suffer from color blindness?
Person 6 in the third generation
What determines eye color?
Multiple genes
What type of traits are indicated by distinct phenotypes with no intermediate variations?
Discontinuous traits
Which of the following is an example of an X-linked characteristic?
Eye color
In the F1 generation of a cross between a female with red eyes and a male with white eyes, what would be the genotype of the females?
Heterozygous for red eyes
In a reciprocal crossing between a female with red eyes and a male with white eyes, what would be the phenotype of the males in the F1 generation?
White eyes
What is the distribution ratio of red eyes to white eyes in the F2 generation of a reciprocal crossing?
1:1
True or false: Sex-linked inheritance was discovered by Thomas Morgan in 1910 during his experiments with fruit flies?
True
True or false: In sex-linked inheritance, most of the genetic information is located on the X chromosome?
True
True or false: In a reciprocal crossing between a female with red eyes and a male with white eyes, the males in the F1 generation will have white eyes?
True
True or false: Most traits in humans are determined by multiple genes.
True
True or false: Eye color is determined solely by the pigment in the iris.
False
True or false: Discontinuous traits have distinct phenotypes with no intermediate variations.
True
True or false: In Mendelian genetics, each trait appears in pairs because they are located on separate chromosomes.
False
True or false: In the F1 generation of a cross between a female with red eyes and a male with white eyes, all females will have red eyes and all males will have white eyes?
True
True or false: In the F2 generation of a reciprocal crossing between a female with red eyes and a male with white eyes, females will have a 1:1 ratio of red and white eyes, and males will also have a 1:1 ratio of red and white eyes?
True
True or false: X-linked characteristics can be seen as an exception to Mendelian laws because they show a gender effect in the distribution of traits?
True
True or false: In humans, pedigrees are used to study inheritance patterns and track the presence or absence of certain traits or diseases in families?
True
Which of the following is an example of a polygenic trait?
Height
True or false: Skin color is determined by a single gene.
False
What is the term used to describe the distribution of a trait that is often normally distributed in a population?
Polygenic inheritance
Which of the following is true about the relationship between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype and phenotype interact with each other
Which of the following is an example of a multifactorial trait?
Height
What determines the phenotype of an individual?
Both genetic and environmental factors
What is the main reason for the complexity of traits like body weight and body measures?
Interaction between genotype and environment
Which of the following statements is true about the PKU mutation and disease risk?
Having the PKU mutation does not guarantee the development of the disease
What can be concluded about the heritability of cholesterol levels?
Cholesterol levels have a low heritability due to genetic factors
What does the text suggest about the genetic contribution to disease risk in the western society?
Genetic factors determine less than 50% of the disease risk
What is the main focus of ongoing research in genetics?
Understanding the genome environment interaction
According to the text, heritability is the ratio between genetic variants and total phenotypical variants. This means that heritability indicates how much of the variation in the population is coming from genetics. True or false: Heritability can be used to determine whether a trait is genetic or environmentally determined.
False
According to the text, hair color in Asian people is genetically determined but shows no variation because most Asian people have black hair. Therefore, the heritability of hair color in Asian people would be close to zero. True or false: Heritability indicates the amount of genetic variation in a trait.
False
According to the text, the variation in phenotype is determined by genetic variation, environmental variation, and their combination. True or false: The total variation in phenotype is equal to the genetic variation plus the environmental variation.
True
According to the text, the F2 generation of a cross between short plants and plants with long corns will have an average phenotype between the two parental phenotypes. True or false: In the F2 generation, the short and long phenotypes will reappear in a 1:1 ratio.
False
True or false: Eye color is determined by a single gene controlling the texture of the iris?
False
True or false: Skin color is an example of polygenic inheritance?
True
True or false: The number of genes involved in determining skin color is even higher than the example given in the text?
True
True or false: According to Mendelian genetics, variation in phenotypes is primarily determined by multiple loci?
False
True or false: Genes alone determine the phenotype and environmental factors have no impact?
False
True or false: Multifactorial traits are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors?
True
True or false: The relationship between genotype and phenotype is always straightforward?
False
True or false: The PKU mutation in the Amazonian tribe leads to the development of the disease.
False
True or false: In the western society, the risk of developing PKU is solely determined by genetics.
False
True or false: Heritability indicates the proportion of genetic variation in a trait.
True
True or false: The heritability of cholesterol levels is relatively high.
False
True or false: The variation in phenotype is determined by genetic variation, environmental variation, and their combination.
True
True or false: Heritability indicates the amount of genetic variation in a trait.
False
True or false: Hair color in Asian people is genetically determined but shows no variation because most Asian people have black hair. Therefore, the heritability of hair color in Asian people would be close to zero.
True
True or false: In the F2 generation of a cross between short plants and plants with long corns, the short and long phenotypes will reappear in a 1:1 ratio.
False
According to the text, which of the following is a situation in which Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is no longer valid?
All of the above
According to the text, when do we use Mendelian genetics?
When there is a high biological effect of the genotype
According to the text, what determines whether we talk about Mendelian genetics or population genetics and quantitative genetics?
The biological effect of the genotype
According to the text, what is the basis of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Random mating
According to the text, what is the chance of a person with an unknown genotype and a certain disease having a certain genotype?
75%
According to the text, what is the chance of a pink pig carrying the B allele?
9%
According to the text, what is the frequency of the Q allele in the population of pink pigs?
0.3
According to the text, what is the percentage of pink pigs that carry at least one allele for the black color?
46%
Which of the following is the correct formula for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
$p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$
What does the formula $p + q = 1$ represent in population genetics?
The sum of the allele frequencies in a population
What are the genotypes represented by $p^2$, $2pq$, and $q^2$ in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
$p^2$ represents the frequency of homozygotes for one allele, $2pq$ represents the frequency of heterozygotes, and $q^2$ represents the frequency of homozygotes for the other allele.
True or false: The law of Hardy-Weinberg says $p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$?
True
True or false: The formula $p + q = 1$ represents the allele frequencies of two variants?
True
True or false: In the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, $p^2$ represents the genotype AA?
True
True or false: The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can be disturbed by genetic drift, migration, selection, and non-random mating.
True
True or false: Genetic drift can occur during a bottleneck event where a population is significantly reduced in size.
True
True or false: The founder effect occurs when a small group of individuals migrate to a new location and reproduce, resulting in the genetic variation of that group being passed on to future generations.
True
True or false: Migration can lead to a mixing of allele frequencies between different populations, resulting in new allele frequencies that do not adhere to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
True
True or false: Natural selection is the only factor that determines changes in genotype?
False
True or false: Assortative mating is a situation in which Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is no longer valid?
True
True or false: Non-random mating can lead to certain combinations of genes being more predominant in a population?
True
True or false: Mendelian genetics is primarily used when there is a high biological effect of the genotype?
True
Test your knowledge of Mendel's first law and the principle of segregation with this quiz. Explore the concepts of genotype and phenotype frequencies and understand the inheritance patterns of smooth seeds.
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