Mendelian Ratios in Genetics

The most frequently encountered allele in a population, considered the 'normal' version.

A mutation that completely eliminates the function of a gene.

Any change in the genetic sequence of a gene.

A mutation that increases the activity of a gene.

A mutation that decreases the functionality of a gene.

A mutation that doesn't significantly alter the activity of a gene.

An allele that has a weaker effect compared to the dominant allele, only visible in homozygous conditions.

An allele that expresses its trait even when paired with a different allele.

A schematic representation of a chromosome, showing its arms (p and q) and major regions based on banding patterns.

The process of using dyes to distinguish different chromosomes based on their banding patterns.

The most condensed stage of cell division, where chromosomes are easily visible.

A specific type of dye used to visualize chromosomes.

The inactivation of one X chromosome in female somatic cells, resulting in a condensed structure called a Barr body.

The inactive X chromosome in a female somatic cell, visible as a dense, darkly stained region.

An individual with an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in Down syndrome.

A male individual with an extra Y chromosome.

A rare blood type where individuals lack A or B antigens, appearing to have type O blood despite potentially carrying unexpressed A or B alleles.

The tendency for alleles located close together on the same chromosome to be inherited together as a unit during meiosis.

The situation where the expression of one gene is influenced or masked by the expression of another, non-allelic gene. This can lead to unique phenotypic outcomes.

A genetic mutation that can potentially lead to death, often due to the loss of function of essential genes.

A new or unique phenotype that emerges in the F2 generation due to gene interactions.

The process of visually examining and arranging chromosomes based on their size, shape, and banding patterns. It's used to analyze chromosome structure and detect abnormalities.

The earliest known drawing of chromosomes, created by German biologist Walter Flemming in 1882.

The study of chromosomes, their structure, function, and abnormalities.

The number of chromosome arms visible in a complete set of chromosomes in a karyotype. It considers single-armed chromosomes (acrocentric or telocentric) separately.

A chemical substance extracted from the crocus plant, used to stop cells during division (metaphase) to allow for clearer visualization of chromosomes.

The number of visible major chromosomal arms per set of autosomes in a karyotype.

A state in which cells contain more than two complete sets of chromosomes.

A method for visualizing chromosomes by using fluorescently labeled DNA probes that bind to specific DNA sequences.

A software tool that can recognize and arrange chromosome patterns, automating karyotype creation.

A type of polyploidy where there are more than two sets of chromosomes within a cell.

A technique used to prepare a cell for karyotyping, ensuring the chromosomes are separated and spread out, making them easier to visualize.

A process within endopolyploidy where chromosomes replicate without the division of the nucleus, resulting in a polyploid nucleus.

A state where one sex is diploid (two sets of chromosomes) and the other sex is haploid (one set of chromosomes).

The difficulty in distinguishing between two chromosome numbers due to overlapping or poor cell preparation.

A database that contains information on various chromosome abnormalities, allowing comparison and identification of similar karyotypes.

A chromosome abnormality that occurs when the number of chromosomes in a cell is not a multiple of the haploid number.

A karyotype where there is a loss of a portion of a chromosome.

An automatic system that uses spectral imaging to analyze and display chromosomes, simplifying the process of karyotyping and providing more detailed information.

A technique used to visualize chromosomes by staining them with dyes to create distinctive banding patterns.

A specific dye used to stain chromosomes, revealing bands that are rich in adenine-thymine base pairs.

A chromosome classification system that organizes chromosomes into seven groups based on their length and the position of their centromere.

A method that analyzes the entire human genome to identify and quantify changes in DNA copy number across the chromosomes.

Chromosomes with a centromere located near the middle of the chromosome.

Chromosomes with a centromere located very close to one end of the chromosome.

Chromosomes with a centromere located between the middle and one end of the chromosome.