Mendelian Genetics Quiz

<p>The yellow seed trait is dominant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recombination frequency is a measure of the genetic distance between genes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The outcome of a cross is independent of whether a trait comes from the male or female parent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A unit of distance in a genetic map equal to the distance between genes resulting in 1% recombination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is only expressed when two copies of the recessive allele are present. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the gene distances are less than 15 map units. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The calculation only considers the distances between w and cv, starting at w. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The separation of allele pairs during gamete formation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A gamete contains one allele of each gene. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterozygous for the gene. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The genes are located on different chromosomes and assort independently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 AA: 2 Aa : 1 aa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are passed on to the next generation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gametes with only one part of the reciprocal translocation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rate of mutation per nucleotide per replication is higher in somatic cells due to less efficient DNA repair mechanisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They affect the cell in which the mutation occurs and its daughter cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quantitative Trait (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A behavior or environmental aspect that elevates the probability of developing a particular condition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accumulation of multiple mutations in a single cell lineage leads to the disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To take advantage of specific traits that influence crop productivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meiotic cell division. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are true-breeding and homozygous. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One hypothesizes that mutations occur randomly while the other suggests they are directed by the needs of the organism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To test the hypothesis that mutations are directed by the needs of an organism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effects of individual genes is obscured by many others and environmental factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norm of reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It produces 4 genetically unique haploid daughter cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal distribution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effect of a genotype can only be specified when the environment is known. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Offspring phenotypes tend to fall between the parents' phenotype and the general population mean. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The offspring will tend to be shorter than their parents, but still taller than the average population. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene recombination and segregation during reproductive cell division. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental effects are not inherited, contributing to regression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mean height of the offspring will equal the mean height of the parents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is no correlation between parent's and offspring's height. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fraction of the total trait variations in the population attributed to the genetic differences among individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equal to the mean of the overall population, regardless of parent phenotypes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The degree of genetic influence of a trait. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children of wealthy parents are more likely to be rich due to inheritance of money. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differences among individuals for a trait are entirely due to genetic variation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental factors account for the variation, and the genotype doesn't play a role in differences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The heritability of the relevant trait (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Height variation is entirely due to environmental factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The variation in a trait due to genetic differences within a population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mutations that occur in germ cells, which are involved in sexual reproduction (e.g., eggs and sperm).

The rate of mutations per nucleotide per replication is higher in these cells compared to germ cells.

An alteration to the DNA sequence in a somatic cell.

A cell division process that produces four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

The sex cells of an organism (e.g., sperm and egg).

A hypothesis that proposes that mutations arise in response to the needs of an organism, suggesting environmental factors can directly induce mutations.

A hypothesis that suggests that mutations are random, but that organisms with beneficial mutations are more likely to survive and reproduce.

A technique used to study mutations by replicating bacterial colonies on different media, revealing differences in mutation patterns.

A trait influenced by multiple genes and the environment, making it measurable along a continuum (e.g., height, weight).

A factor in an individual's surroundings that increases the chance of developing a specific condition.

True-breeding strains of organisms, produced through inbreeding, where all individuals are homozygous.

The phenomenon where variation in a trait is due to the combined effects of multiple genes and the environment.

A bell-shaped curve representing the distribution of continuous traits in a population.

A graphical representation of how a phenotype changes across a range of environmental conditions.

The study of how genes and the environment interact to produce variation in phenotypes.

The combined influence of multiple genes and environmental factors on a complex trait, making it difficult to pinpoint the exact contribution of each gene individually.

The unequal impact of environmental factors on different genotypes, leading to variations in phenotypes.

A principle stating that offspring tend to have phenotypes closer to the population average than their parents' extreme phenotypes.

The extent to which genetic differences among individuals contribute to variation in a trait within a population.

A relationship that suggests the mean height of offspring will be closer to the population average than their parents' height. This is because offspring inherit a mix of genes, not just the extreme traits of their parents.

The phenotypic expression of a complex trait is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.

During meiosis, genetic material is rearranged, breaking down combinations of genes that might have led to extreme phenotypes in the parents.

The phenotypic expression of a complex trait is not only influenced by genetic factors but also by environmental factors, which are not inherited.

The phenotype of an individual is a result of the interaction between their genotype and the environment.

The average phenotype of offspring will equal the population's mean phenotype if environmental influences are not passed down.

When heritability is 100%, environmental factors don't contribute to variation in a trait.

When heritability is 0%, genetic differences have no impact on variation in a trait.

Heritability refers to a specific trait in a population across their environments at a particular time.

The transfer of information between individuals through learning or imitation.

Heritability impacts how quickly a population's traits change through selective breeding.

Heritability determines how closely the mean of offspring resembles the mean of their parents.

When genes are on separate chromosomes, the ratio of nonrecombinant (nonparental) gametic types is 1:1:1:1. This is due to independent assortment.

Genes located very far apart on a chromosome are more likely to experience one or more crossovers during meiosis, resulting in a 1:1 ratio of nonrecombinant to recombinant gametes.

When genes are very close together on a chromosome, crossing over rarely occurs between them. Therefore, only nonrecombinant chromosomes are produced during meiosis.

A measure of the genetic distance between genes on a chromosome, represented as a percentage. It reflects the frequency of recombination events during meiosis.

A value of 0% recombination frequency indicates that genes are so close together that crossing over never occurs between them.

A recombination frequency of 50% is observed when genes are so far apart that crossing over between them almost always takes place. This is similar to independent assortment.

A diagram that shows the relative positions of genes along a chromosome, with distances measured in map units.

A unit of distance in a genetic map, representing the distance between genes that yields a 1% recombination frequency.

Over short distances (less than 15 map units), map units are additive, meaning the distances between adjacent genes can be added to calculate the distance between genes at the ends.

The original generation of plants in a cross, characterized by having homozygous alleles for a specific trait. They are 'true-breeding' meaning offspring will always show the same trait.

The offspring produced by crossing two individuals from the P1 generation. They are all heterozygous, carrying one allele from each parent.

The second generation of offspring, resulting from intercrossing individuals from the F1 generation. This generation shows the segregation of traits originally masked in the F1.

A type of cross where the female and male parents have their roles reversed. For example, in one cross, the male parent is yellow-seeded and the female is green-seeded. In the reciprocal cross, the male parent is green-seeded and the female is yellow-seeded.

An allele or trait that is expressed even when a different allele for the same trait is present. Only one copy of the dominant allele is needed to express the phenotype.

An allele or trait that is only expressed when two copies are present. Two copies of the recessive allele are needed to express the phenotype.

The separation of paired alleles during gamete formation (meiosis), so that each gamete receives only one allele from each pair

A process where an organism receives a copy of each chromosome from its mother and father. These pairs of chromosomes can have different alleles for the same traits.