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Questions and Answers
In genetics, what distinguishes homologous chromosomes from other chromosome pairs?
In genetics, what distinguishes homologous chromosomes from other chromosome pairs?
- Homologous chromosomes contain the same genes but may have different alleles, while other pairs have completely different genes. (correct)
- Homologous chromosomes determine sex, while other pairs determine other traits.
- Homologous chromosomes are only found in non-human organisms.
- Homologous chromosomes contain completely different genes, while other pairs contain the exact same genes.
If a plant has a genotype of Tt for a particular trait, where T is the dominant allele for tallness and t is the recessive allele for shortness, what is the plant's phenotype?
If a plant has a genotype of Tt for a particular trait, where T is the dominant allele for tallness and t is the recessive allele for shortness, what is the plant's phenotype?
- Medium height
- Tall (correct)
- Tt
- Short
According to Mendel's Law of Segregation, what is the direct mechanism that ensures offspring receive only one allele per gene from each parent?
According to Mendel's Law of Segregation, what is the direct mechanism that ensures offspring receive only one allele per gene from each parent?
- Mitosis
- Fertilization
- Meiosis (correct)
- Mutation
How does Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment contribute to genetic diversity?
How does Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment contribute to genetic diversity?
In a monohybrid cross where both parents are heterozygous (Rr), what is the probability of producing a homozygous recessive offspring (rr)?
In a monohybrid cross where both parents are heterozygous (Rr), what is the probability of producing a homozygous recessive offspring (rr)?
In a genetic cross, if brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b), and one parent is BB while the other is Bb, what are the possible genotypes of their offspring?
In a genetic cross, if brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b), and one parent is BB while the other is Bb, what are the possible genotypes of their offspring?
Considering human traits where brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b) and brown hair (H) is dominant over blonde hair (h), what are the possible phenotypes of an individual with the genotype BBhh?
Considering human traits where brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b) and brown hair (H) is dominant over blonde hair (h), what are the possible phenotypes of an individual with the genotype BBhh?
How do Punnett squares aid in the study of genetics?
How do Punnett squares aid in the study of genetics?
In a dihybrid cross of tomatoes, TtRr x TtRr (where T = Tall, t = Short, R = Red, r = Yellow), what proportion of the offspring is expected to be Tall and Yellow?
In a dihybrid cross of tomatoes, TtRr x TtRr (where T = Tall, t = Short, R = Red, r = Yellow), what proportion of the offspring is expected to be Tall and Yellow?
If a certain trait is determined by a single gene with two alleles, where 'A' is dominant and 'a' is recessive, what genotypes would result in the dominant phenotype?
If a certain trait is determined by a single gene with two alleles, where 'A' is dominant and 'a' is recessive, what genotypes would result in the dominant phenotype?
Flashcards
Gene
Gene
A segment of DNA that encodes a protein.
Chromosomes
Chromosomes
Structures containing genetic material; humans have 46 (23 pairs).
Homologous Chromosomes
Homologous Chromosomes
Pairs of chromosomes with the same genes but possibly different alleles.
Allele
Allele
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Homozygous
Homozygous
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Heterozygous
Heterozygous
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Genotype
Genotype
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Phenotype
Phenotype
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Law of Dominance
Law of Dominance
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Law of Segregation
Law of Segregation
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Study Notes
- Mendelian genetics studies how traits are inherited through generations.
- This is based on principles established by Gregor Mendel.
Fundamental Concepts
- A gene is a segment of DNA that encodes a protein.
- Chromosomes are structures containing genetic material; humans have 46 (23 pairs).
- Homologous chromosomes are pairs that contain the same genes, but with different alleles.
Alleles and Genetic Variation
- An allele is a different version of a gene.
- Homozygous means two identical alleles.
- Heterozygous means two different alleles.
- Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual.
- Phenotype refers to the observable traits.
Gregor Mendel's Contributions
- Gregor Mendel is known as the 'Father of Genetics'.
- His work with pea plants led to three fundamental principles of inheritance.
Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
- Law of Dominance: A dominant allele expresses its trait over a recessive allele.
- Law of Segregation: Each parent contributes one allele per gene to their offspring during meiosis.
- Law of Independent Assortment: One trait's inheritance does not influence another's.
Punnett Squares and Genetic Crosses
- Punnett squares predict the probability of inheriting specific traits via parental genotypes.
Monohybrid Cross (Single Trait)
- Round seeds (R) are dominant over wrinkled seeds (r).
- Genotypic Ratio: 1 RR : 2 Rr : 1 rr
- Phenotypic Ratio: 3 Round : 1 Wrinkled
Dihybrid Cross (Two Traits)
- Phenotypic Ratio: 9 Tall & Red : 3 Tall & Yellow : 3 Short & Red : 1 Short & Yellow
Real-World Genetic Crosses
- In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b), and brown hair (H) is dominant over blonde (h).
Summary
- Traits are inherited based on genetic principles.
- Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles.
- Mendel's laws explain the patterns of inheritance.
- Punnett squares predict genetic outcomes.
- Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses help analyze inheritance patterns.
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