Memory Processes and Attention

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Questions and Answers

What best describes the function of the visuospatial sketchpad in Baddeley's model?

  • Processes emotional information
  • Processes auditory information
  • Processes verbal information
  • Processes visual and spatial information (correct)

What is a characteristic of implicit memory?

  • Procedural skills
  • Conscious recollection
  • Unconscious influence on behavior (correct)
  • Verbalizable knowledge

Which type of memory is best described as relatively permanent?

  • Long-term memory (correct)
  • Episodic memory
  • Sensory memory
  • Short-term memory

What does retroactive interference signify?

<p>Newer memories affect older ones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the inability to retrieve early childhood memories?

<p>Childhood amnesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is demonstrated when a person feels like they almost remember something?

<p>Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model emphasizes the distributed nature of memory storage?

<p>Connectionism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best characterizes the decay theory of memory?

<p>Disintegration of memory traces over time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory involves recalling specific past events?

<p>Episodic memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of schemas in memory?

<p>To categorize information based on experience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key process involved in memory?

<p>Attention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Divided attention is best described as:

<p>Concentrating on more than one activity at a time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elaboration in memory encoding involves:

<p>Forming multiple connections around a stimulus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Self-reference in memory encoding refers to:

<p>Relating material to your own experience. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mental imagery is a powerful tool for:

<p>Making memories distinctive. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory proposes how many separate memory systems?

<p>Three (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Echoic memory refers to:

<p>Auditory sensory memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Short-term memory can hold information for approximately:

<p>Up to 30 seconds without rehearsal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chunking is a strategy to improve:

<p>Short-term memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Key memory process (not attention)

Encoding, storage, retrieval, and consolidation are key processes in memory, but attention isn't a process itself; it's a resource that improves or hinders memory.

Selective Attention

Focusing on one aspect while ignoring others.

Divided Attention

Trying to do multiple things at once.

Sustained Attention (Vigilance)

Maintaining focus for a long time.

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Deep Processing

Meaningful information encoding to best retain it.

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Elaboration

Making connections to remember something better.

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Self-Reference Effect

Relating material to your own experiences to improve memory.

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Mental Imagery

Using mental pictures to improve memory.

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Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory

Theory proposing 3 memory stages: sensory, short-term, and long-term.

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Sensory Memory Duration

Very brief storage of sensory information (a fraction of a second to seconds).

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Rehearsal (in memory)

Conscious repetition of information to keep it in short-term memory.

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Baddeley's Working Memory

A model describing memory as a system with different components (e.g., phonological loop).

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Visuospatial Sketchpad

Part of working memory that processes visual and spatial information.

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Long-term memory

Stores information relatively permanently, with large capacity.

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Explicit Memory

Conscious memory of facts and events.

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Episodic Memory

Memory for personal events and experiences.

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Semantic Memory

Memory for general knowledge about the world.

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Implicit Memory

Unconscious memory that affects behavior.

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Procedural Memory

Memory for how to do things (skills).

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Schemas

Mental frameworks for organizing knowledge.

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Study Notes

Memory Processes

  • Key Memory Processes: Encoding, storage, retrieval, and consolidation are fundamental to memory. Attention is a related process influencing memory.

Attention Types

  • Selective Attention: Focusing on a specific aspect while filtering out irrelevant information.

  • Divided Attention: Concentrating on multiple activities simultaneously.

  • Sustained Attention (Vigilance): Maintaining focus over an extended period.

Levels of Processing

  • Deep Processing: Leads to the best memory because it involves meaningful connections.

  • Intermediate & Shallow Processing: Less effective for long-term memory.

Encoding Strategies

  • Elaboration: Creating multiple connections around a stimulus.

  • Self-Reference: Relating material to your own experiences improves memory.

  • Mental Imagery: Utilizing vivid imagery to make memories distinctive.

Memory Systems

  • Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: Proposes three distinct memory storage systems: sensory, short-term, and long-term.

  • Sensory Memory: Briefly holds sensory information (a fraction of a second to several seconds). Echoic (auditory) and iconic (visual).

  • Short-Term Memory: Holds information for a limited duration (up to 30 seconds without rehearsal).

  • Chunking: Grouping items into meaningful units to improve short-term memory capacity.

  • Rehearsal: Repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory.

Working Memory

  • Baddeley's Model: A more complex model of working memory that includes the phonological loop (verbal information) and the visuospatial sketchpad (visual/spatial).

Long-Term Memory

  • Long-Term Memory: Stores information relatively permanently, with potentially limitless capacity.

  • Explicit (Declarative) Memory: Consciously recalled memories.

  • Episodic Memory: Personal experiences.

  • Semantic Memory: General knowledge.

  • Implicit (Nondeclarative) Memory: Unconscious influences on behavior.

  • Procedural Memory: Skills and habits.

Memory Organization

  • Schemas: Pre-existing mental frameworks that organize information.

  • Scripts: Schemas for events.

  • Connectionism: Emphasizes the distributed storage of memory within interconnected networks of neurons.

Memory Retrieval

  • Serial Position Effect: Better recall of items at the beginning and end of a list.

  • Recall: Retrieving information without cues.

  • Recognition: Identifying learned items.

Memory Errors and Processes

  • Flashbulb Memories: Vivid and detailed, but not always accurate recollections of emotional events.

  • Childhood Amnesia: Difficulty recalling early childhood memories.

  • Repressed Memories: Controversial; debated whether true repression of traumatic memories occurs.

  • Encoding Failure: Information not entered into long-term memory.

  • Interference Theory: Forgetting caused by other information interfering with retrieval.

  • Retroactive Interference: Newer information interferes with older memories.

  • Proactive Interference: Older information interferes with new memories.

  • Decay Theory: Forgetting due to gradual disintegration of memory traces.

  • Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon: Inability to access stored information, even though it feels readily available.

  • Prospective Memory: Remembering to perform future actions.

  • Amnesia: Loss of memory.

  • Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to form new memories.

  • Retrograde Amnesia: Loss of past memories.

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