Podcast
Questions and Answers
What best describes the function of the visuospatial sketchpad in Baddeley's model?
What best describes the function of the visuospatial sketchpad in Baddeley's model?
- Processes emotional information
- Processes auditory information
- Processes verbal information
- Processes visual and spatial information (correct)
What is a characteristic of implicit memory?
What is a characteristic of implicit memory?
- Procedural skills
- Conscious recollection
- Unconscious influence on behavior (correct)
- Verbalizable knowledge
Which type of memory is best described as relatively permanent?
Which type of memory is best described as relatively permanent?
- Long-term memory (correct)
- Episodic memory
- Sensory memory
- Short-term memory
What does retroactive interference signify?
What does retroactive interference signify?
Which term describes the inability to retrieve early childhood memories?
Which term describes the inability to retrieve early childhood memories?
What phenomenon is demonstrated when a person feels like they almost remember something?
What phenomenon is demonstrated when a person feels like they almost remember something?
Which model emphasizes the distributed nature of memory storage?
Which model emphasizes the distributed nature of memory storage?
What best characterizes the decay theory of memory?
What best characterizes the decay theory of memory?
What type of memory involves recalling specific past events?
What type of memory involves recalling specific past events?
What is the primary focus of schemas in memory?
What is the primary focus of schemas in memory?
Which of the following is NOT a key process involved in memory?
Which of the following is NOT a key process involved in memory?
Divided attention is best described as:
Divided attention is best described as:
Elaboration in memory encoding involves:
Elaboration in memory encoding involves:
Self-reference in memory encoding refers to:
Self-reference in memory encoding refers to:
Mental imagery is a powerful tool for:
Mental imagery is a powerful tool for:
The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory proposes how many separate memory systems?
The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory proposes how many separate memory systems?
Echoic memory refers to:
Echoic memory refers to:
Short-term memory can hold information for approximately:
Short-term memory can hold information for approximately:
Chunking is a strategy to improve:
Chunking is a strategy to improve:
Flashcards
Key memory process (not attention)
Key memory process (not attention)
Encoding, storage, retrieval, and consolidation are key processes in memory, but attention isn't a process itself; it's a resource that improves or hinders memory.
Selective Attention
Selective Attention
Focusing on one aspect while ignoring others.
Divided Attention
Divided Attention
Trying to do multiple things at once.
Sustained Attention (Vigilance)
Sustained Attention (Vigilance)
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Deep Processing
Deep Processing
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Elaboration
Elaboration
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Self-Reference Effect
Self-Reference Effect
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Mental Imagery
Mental Imagery
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Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory
Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory
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Sensory Memory Duration
Sensory Memory Duration
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Rehearsal (in memory)
Rehearsal (in memory)
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Baddeley's Working Memory
Baddeley's Working Memory
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Visuospatial Sketchpad
Visuospatial Sketchpad
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Long-term memory
Long-term memory
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Explicit Memory
Explicit Memory
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Episodic Memory
Episodic Memory
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Semantic Memory
Semantic Memory
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Implicit Memory
Implicit Memory
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Procedural Memory
Procedural Memory
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Schemas
Schemas
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Study Notes
Memory Processes
- Key Memory Processes: Encoding, storage, retrieval, and consolidation are fundamental to memory. Attention is a related process influencing memory.
Attention Types
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Selective Attention: Focusing on a specific aspect while filtering out irrelevant information.
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Divided Attention: Concentrating on multiple activities simultaneously.
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Sustained Attention (Vigilance): Maintaining focus over an extended period.
Levels of Processing
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Deep Processing: Leads to the best memory because it involves meaningful connections.
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Intermediate & Shallow Processing: Less effective for long-term memory.
Encoding Strategies
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Elaboration: Creating multiple connections around a stimulus.
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Self-Reference: Relating material to your own experiences improves memory.
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Mental Imagery: Utilizing vivid imagery to make memories distinctive.
Memory Systems
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Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: Proposes three distinct memory storage systems: sensory, short-term, and long-term.
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Sensory Memory: Briefly holds sensory information (a fraction of a second to several seconds). Echoic (auditory) and iconic (visual).
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Short-Term Memory: Holds information for a limited duration (up to 30 seconds without rehearsal).
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Chunking: Grouping items into meaningful units to improve short-term memory capacity.
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Rehearsal: Repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory.
Working Memory
- Baddeley's Model: A more complex model of working memory that includes the phonological loop (verbal information) and the visuospatial sketchpad (visual/spatial).
Long-Term Memory
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Long-Term Memory: Stores information relatively permanently, with potentially limitless capacity.
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Explicit (Declarative) Memory: Consciously recalled memories.
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Episodic Memory: Personal experiences.
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Semantic Memory: General knowledge.
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Implicit (Nondeclarative) Memory: Unconscious influences on behavior.
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Procedural Memory: Skills and habits.
Memory Organization
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Schemas: Pre-existing mental frameworks that organize information.
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Scripts: Schemas for events.
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Connectionism: Emphasizes the distributed storage of memory within interconnected networks of neurons.
Memory Retrieval
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Serial Position Effect: Better recall of items at the beginning and end of a list.
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Recall: Retrieving information without cues.
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Recognition: Identifying learned items.
Memory Errors and Processes
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Flashbulb Memories: Vivid and detailed, but not always accurate recollections of emotional events.
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Childhood Amnesia: Difficulty recalling early childhood memories.
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Repressed Memories: Controversial; debated whether true repression of traumatic memories occurs.
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Encoding Failure: Information not entered into long-term memory.
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Interference Theory: Forgetting caused by other information interfering with retrieval.
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Retroactive Interference: Newer information interferes with older memories.
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Proactive Interference: Older information interferes with new memories.
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Decay Theory: Forgetting due to gradual disintegration of memory traces.
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Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon: Inability to access stored information, even though it feels readily available.
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Prospective Memory: Remembering to perform future actions.
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Amnesia: Loss of memory.
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Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to form new memories.
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Retrograde Amnesia: Loss of past memories.
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