Memory Chapter Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of attention in the memory process?

  • It helps in the retrieval of memories.
  • It automatically encodes all sensory information.
  • It enhances long-term memory storage.
  • It involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli. (correct)
  • Which of the following best explains the serial position effect?

  • It describes how memories change over time.
  • It relates to the frequency of memory retrieval.
  • It involves the use of mnemonic devices.
  • It combines the primacy and recency effects on recall. (correct)
  • What characterizes sensory memory?

  • It retains information for several minutes.
  • It holds a brief, exact copy of sensory information. (correct)
  • It has unlimited storage capacity.
  • It is primarily responsible for reasoning and thinking.
  • What is the duration of short-term memory?

    <p>It lasts for approximately 10 seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does working memory differ from short-term memory?

    <p>Working memory is where most thinking happens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of long-term memory is responsible for personal experiences?

    <p>Episodic memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can help jog your memories during the retrieval process?

    <p>Retrieval cues and context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason for forgetting information?

    <p>The absence of retrieval cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of linking two events that occur close in time called?

    <p>Associative Learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of conditioning involves associating a response with its consequence?

    <p>Operant Conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the initial stage of learning something in classical conditioning?

    <p>Acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Pavlov's experiment, what was the food referred to as?

    <p>Unconditioned Stimulus (US)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains 'Stimulus Generalization'?

    <p>Responding to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of positive punishment?

    <p>Adding an aversive stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reinforcement schedule involves reinforcement after a fixed number of responses?

    <p>Fixed Ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory proposed by Sternberg includes analytical, creative, and practical intelligence?

    <p>Triarchic Theory of Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Alfred Binet primarily aim to measure through his work?

    <p>Children's mental age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Flynn Effect refer to?

    <p>An increase in IQ test scores across generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the removal of an aversive stimulus to strengthen a response?

    <p>Negative Reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Shaping' refer to in operant conditioning?

    <p>Gradually reinforcing closer approximations to the desired behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to behaviorism, which aspect is considered the only objective thing to study?

    <p>Behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the range of an individual's intelligence according to the reaction range concept?

    <p>Heredity and environment combined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Memory

    • Attention is vital for encoding memories
    • Deeper processing leads to longer-lasting memories
    • Visual imagery can enhance encoding
    • Memory is better for words linked to the self
    • The serial position effect describes the tendency to remember words at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list.
    • Sensory memory holds a brief copy of what is seen or heard (icons for visual, echo for auditory).
    • Short-term memory lasts for about 10 seconds and is very sensitive to interference and decay.
    • Working memory is short-term memory combined with other mental processes, where most thinking occurs.
    • Long-term memory has an unlimited capacity and holds information for extended periods.
      • Declarative memory stores factual information.
        • Semantic memory: General knowledge
        • Episodic memory: Personal experiences
      • Procedural memory stores memory for actions and skills
    • Retrieval cues can jog memories.
    • Context is a useful retrieval cue.
    • Forgetting can occur due to failure to encode information, interference, decay, or retrieval failure.
    • Multiple choice tests are recognition measures of retention.
    • Essay exams are recall measures of retention.
    • Clive Wearing experienced severe memory impairment, unable to form new memories. He had anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia.

    Learning

    • Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
    • Behaviorism focuses on observable behavior, not mental processes.
    • Associative learning links two events that occur close in time.
      • Conditioning is the process of learning associations.
      • Classical conditioning is an association between two stimuli, anticipating a physiological response.
      • Operant conditioning is an association between a response and a consequence, guiding future behavior.

    Classical Conditioning

    • Pavlov's experiment demonstrated classical conditioning.
      • A neutral stimulus (tone) was paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food), leading to salivation (unconditioned response).
      • After conditioning, the neutral stimulus (now conditioned stimulus) elicited salivation (conditioned response).
    • Acquisition is the initial stage of learning.
    • Extinction is the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response.
    • Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of no exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
    • Stimulus generalization is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
    • Stimulus discrimination is the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences of voluntary behaviors.
    • The Law of Effect states that behaviors leading to desirable effects are repeated, while those leading to undesirable effects are not.
    • Acquisition is the formation of a new response tendency.
    • Shaping involves rewarding behaviors that are closer to the desired behavior.
    • Reinforcement strengthens a response.
      • Positive reinforcement adds something desirable.
      • Negative reinforcement removes something undesirable.
    • Punishment weakens a response.
      • Positive punishment presents an aversive stimulus.
      • Negative punishment removes a rewarding stimulus.
    • Reinforcement schedules determine when a response is reinforced.
      • Continuous reinforcement rewards every response.
      • Intermittent reinforcement rewards only some responses.
      • Ratio schedules reinforce based on the number of responses.
        • Fixed-ratio: Reinforcer after a fixed number of responses.
        • Variable-ratio: Reinforcer after a variable number of responses.
      • Interval schedules reinforce based on the time elapsed since the last reinforcement.
        • Fixed-interval: Reinforcer after a fixed time interval.
        • Variable-interval: Reinforcer after a variable time interval.

    Observational Learning

    • Observational learning involves learning by observing others.
    • Bandura's Bobo doll study demonstrated that children modeled the behavior they saw in adults.

    Intelligence

    • Intelligence is the capacity to act purposively, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment.
    • General mental abilities form the core of intelligence.
      • The "g-factor" is a general intelligence factor.
      • Gardner's theory outlines 8 different intelligences.
      • Sternberg's triarchic theory proposes three intelligences: analytical, creative, and practical.
    • Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test to measure children's mental age relative to their chronological age.
    • The Stanford-Binet IQ test was based on Binet's work.
    • The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) provides an overall IQ score and separate scores for verbal (language-based) and performance (nonverbal) intelligence.
    • Intelligence is highly heritable.
      • Twin studies show that identical twins have more similar IQs than fraternal twins.
      • Adoption studies show that siblings reared together have more similar IQs than siblings reared apart.
    • Environmental factors also play a role in intelligence.
      • Environmental deprivation can negatively impact intelligence.
      • Environmental enrichment can positively impact intelligence.
      • The Flynn effect demonstrates that IQ scores have been steadily increasing across generations, likely due to factors like improved education and access to technology.
    • Reaction range theory proposes that genetics set limits on intelligence, and environment determines where individuals fall within those limits.

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    This quiz covers essential concepts of memory, including encoding, storage, and retrieval. Explore different types of memory such as sensory, short-term, working, and long-term memory, along with their characteristics. Discover the importance of attention and context in improving memory performance.

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