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Questions and Answers
What role does the phonological loop play in information processing?
What role does the phonological loop play in information processing?
What are the two potential systems contained within the visuospatial sketchpad?
What are the two potential systems contained within the visuospatial sketchpad?
Which part of the brain is primarily associated with the consolidation and storage of long-term memories?
Which part of the brain is primarily associated with the consolidation and storage of long-term memories?
What distinguishes long-term memory from short-term memory?
What distinguishes long-term memory from short-term memory?
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What is the characteristic storage capacity of long-term memory?
What is the characteristic storage capacity of long-term memory?
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What type of long-term memory involves conscious recall of information?
What type of long-term memory involves conscious recall of information?
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What influences the strength of connections in long-term memory?
What influences the strength of connections in long-term memory?
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How is long-term memory fundamentally maintained?
How is long-term memory fundamentally maintained?
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What characterizes telegraphic speech used by toddlers?
What characterizes telegraphic speech used by toddlers?
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Which statement best describes the concept of infant-directed speech?
Which statement best describes the concept of infant-directed speech?
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How do infants primarily respond when adults use infant-directed speech?
How do infants primarily respond when adults use infant-directed speech?
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According to Noam Chomsky's theory of language, what does the brain contain?
According to Noam Chomsky's theory of language, what does the brain contain?
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What may be a purpose of using infant-directed speech according to research?
What may be a purpose of using infant-directed speech according to research?
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What aspect of language learning is emphasized in the approach of Chinese children compared to American children?
What aspect of language learning is emphasized in the approach of Chinese children compared to American children?
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Which type of speech primarily lacks articles and grammatical correctness?
Which type of speech primarily lacks articles and grammatical correctness?
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Why might an adult use a high-pitched voice when talking to infants?
Why might an adult use a high-pitched voice when talking to infants?
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What type of memory allows us to perform tasks without being able to explain how we do them?
What type of memory allows us to perform tasks without being able to explain how we do them?
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How do babies learn to crawl and walk, according to the information provided?
How do babies learn to crawl and walk, according to the information provided?
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What is an example of classical conditioning mentioned in the content?
What is an example of classical conditioning mentioned in the content?
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What does the theory of interference propose as a reason for memory loss?
What does the theory of interference propose as a reason for memory loss?
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What percentage of information is forgotten within the first hour?
What percentage of information is forgotten within the first hour?
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What is meant by 'memory decay' in psychology?
What is meant by 'memory decay' in psychology?
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What effect does priming have on behavior?
What effect does priming have on behavior?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to forgetting?
Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to forgetting?
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What aspect contributes to the clarity of certain memories, making them seem vividly captured in the mind?
What aspect contributes to the clarity of certain memories, making them seem vividly captured in the mind?
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What does the process of recoding during memory encoding involve?
What does the process of recoding during memory encoding involve?
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Which of the following describes how memories are stored?
Which of the following describes how memories are stored?
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What happens to information in short-term memory if it is deemed important?
What happens to information in short-term memory if it is deemed important?
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What is one key difference between short-term and long-term memory storage?
What is one key difference between short-term and long-term memory storage?
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In what way does memory encoding alter the information received?
In what way does memory encoding alter the information received?
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How do memories generally degrade after being stored in short-term memory?
How do memories generally degrade after being stored in short-term memory?
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Which statement about Simon Reinhard is true within the context provided?
Which statement about Simon Reinhard is true within the context provided?
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What is one of the main principles of learning theory regarding language development?
What is one of the main principles of learning theory regarding language development?
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How many new words do children typically learn between the ages of 18 months and 5 years?
How many new words do children typically learn between the ages of 18 months and 5 years?
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What is the primary purpose of cooing in infants?
What is the primary purpose of cooing in infants?
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What does the generative aspect of language imply?
What does the generative aspect of language imply?
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What role does social pragmatics suggest language plays in human interactions?
What role does social pragmatics suggest language plays in human interactions?
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At what age do infants typically begin intentional babbling?
At what age do infants typically begin intentional babbling?
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What example illustrates generativity in language?
What example illustrates generativity in language?
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What characterizes the babbling of a one-year-old child?
What characterizes the babbling of a one-year-old child?
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Gesturing in infants is significant because it:
Gesturing in infants is significant because it:
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What characteristic of language development is emphasized through social interaction?
What characteristic of language development is emphasized through social interaction?
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What is the significance of children's ability to make linguistic repairs?
What is the significance of children's ability to make linguistic repairs?
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At what age can infants typically understand more words than they can say?
At what age can infants typically understand more words than they can say?
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Which concept refers to children learning the language spoken around them?
Which concept refers to children learning the language spoken around them?
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Which word do infants often understand first by about 6 months of age?
Which word do infants often understand first by about 6 months of age?
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What is one common gesture infants can perform around 9-12 months?
What is one common gesture infants can perform around 9-12 months?
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Why might some parents choose to teach sign language to infants?
Why might some parents choose to teach sign language to infants?
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Study Notes
Memory
- Brain Areas: Certain brain areas are specialized for various types of memories. Activity in different lobes of the cerebral cortex relates to memory formation.
- Temporal Lobe: Important for sensory memory.
- Frontal Lobe: Associated with short- and long-term memory.
- Occipital and Temporal Lobes: Associated with sensation, involved in sensory memory.
- Sensory Memory: Briefest memory form, no storage capability. Temporary holding cell for sensory input; holds information for a few seconds at most.
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Three Stages: Learning/memory process includes encoding, storage, and retrieval (Melton, 1963).
- Encoding: Initial learning of information.
- Storage: Maintaining information over time.
- Retrieval: Accessing information when needed.
- Encoding: Converting information into a form for storage that the brain can store indefinitely. This process is like saving a file on a computer.
- Memory Errors: Forgetting and misremembering (false recall or false recognition) can occur.
- Retrieval: Accessing information when needed and recall and recognition are used for retrieving information.
- Memory Storage: Memories are modified and reconstructed, not exact replicas. Encoding (through short- or long-term memory) is required. Some information may be lost over time.
- Long-Term Memory: Stores information for extended periods. Has a larger capacity compared to short-term memory, but may not be immediately accessible
- Short-Term Memory: Temporary storage of information. Information is constantly deteriorating, but transfer to long-term memory is possible for important/useful information.. Long-term memory consolidation is crucial for accurate information storing in long-term memory. The more soon after encoding information is retrieved, the more accurate it is; as the time between encoding and retrieval increases, accuracy decreases., also known as working memory.
- Processes: Includes recall and recognition, which require different methods for accessing information.
- Serial Recall: Recalling items in order they occur.
- Free Recall: Recalling items in any order.
- Cued Recall: Recalling with prompts or cues.
- Retrieval Failure: Inability to recall stored information. Reasons include decay (natural loss), interference (other information blocks recall), and problems with retrieval cues.
- Sensory Memory: Brief storage of sensory information (echoic, iconic, haptic).
- Miller's Magic Number: Short-term memory's capacity for about 7 items (+/-2).
- Chunking: Grouping items to increase capacity. Improves performance in sequential memory tasks.
Language
- Language: A communication system using symbols to create meaning.
- Phoneme: Smallest unit of sound in a language.
- Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit of sound in a language.
- Semantics: Rules for deriving meaning from morphemes.
- Syntax: Rules governing sentence structure.
- Pragmatics: Social aspects of language use.
- Contextual Information: Surrounding information, including gestures and expression.
- Language Development: Language develops through various stages starting before birth (hearing, recognizing the mother's voice and sound).
- Infant-directed speech: "baby talk"; used by adults when speaking to babies to make the language easier to understand and the sounds more easily processed by infants.
- First words: Tend to be nouns for many languages, while some may focus on verbs.
Critical Period for Learning Language
- Critical Period: Time in which learning is most frequent and effective, important for acquiring language.
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Description
Explore the intricate relationship between memory and different brain regions in this quiz. Learn about the stages of memory, including encoding, storage, and retrieval, and understand the functions of the temporal, frontal, and occipital lobes. Test your knowledge on sensory memory and common memory errors.