40 Questions
Which classic case had his temporal lobes removed in 1953, resulting in both retrograde and anterograde amnesia?
Patient H.M.
What type of amnesia was H.M. unable to form new memories?
Anterograde amnesia
What model of memory was proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin in 1968?
Multi-store (‘modal’) model
Which part of the brain was involved in supporting memory and was removed from patient H.M.?
Medial temporal lobes
What is proposed to store memories temporarily?
Hippocampus
What is the key role of the rhinal cortex?
Object recognition
What is consistent with the synaptic changes hypothesized by Hebb?
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
What plays a crucial role in the induction of LTP?
NMDA receptors and Ca$^{2+}$ influx
What underlies long-term changes associated with LTP?
Protein synthesis
What may diffuse back to presynaptic neurons in response to Ca$^{2+}$ influx?
Nitric oxide
What is proposed as the basis of long-term learning?
Changes in synaptic efficiency
What is proposed to be key for recognition memory in early animal models of amnesia?
Hippocampus
What results in object-recognition deficits in monkeys and rats?
Bilateral hippocampal damage
Where are LTP effects greatest?
Brain areas involved in learning and memory
What is proposed to be mediated by different mechanisms in various brain areas?
LTP
What is proposed to play a crucial role in memory of spatial location?
Hippocampus
Which structure is responsible for fear learning?
Amygdala
What is the most common type of dementia?
Alzheimer's Disease
Which area of the brain does Alzheimer's Disease initially affect?
Medial temporal lobes and hippocampus
What is a characteristic of Korsakoff's Syndrome?
Associated with alcohol addiction
Which disorder is associated with the progressive loss of conceptual knowledge?
Semantic dementia
Which structure is responsible for memory storage?
Hippocampus
What are the characteristic features of Alzheimer's Disease?
Severe episodic memory deficits, amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles
Which syndrome is associated with damage in the medial diencephalon?
Korsakoff's Syndrome
What cognitive deficits are seen in patients with Alzheimer's Disease?
Deficits in episodic and semantic memory, impairment in social ability and personality
What is the cause of Korsakoff's amnesia?
Not likely to be damage to a single diencephalic structure
What is associated with the progressive loss of neurons in the left temporal lobe?
Semantic dementia
What is emphasized in the text regarding memory structures and disorders?
The importance of understanding memory structures and disorders, providing a comprehensive overview of the topic and offering additional resources for in-depth study
What type of amnesia did H.M. experience?
Mild retrograde and severe anterograde amnesia
What did Clive Wearing's memory impairment result from?
Herpes simplex encephalitis
Which memory type did Patient K.C. display a double dissociation between impairments?
Personal and semantic memory
What did R.B.'s case suggest about hippocampal damage?
Hippocampal damage alone can produce amnesia
What may concussions cause in terms of amnesia?
Retrograde amnesia for the period before the blow and some anterograde amnesia after
Which memory processes does Baddeley's 'modal model' explain?
Episodic memory learning and recall
What did the case of Jon, with developmental amnesia, show?
Impaired recall but largely intact recognition
What is the effect of different involvement of brain areas during encoding and retrieval on episodic and semantic memory?
Affects episodic and semantic memory differently
What is the relationship between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia?
Anterograde amnesia often presents with retrograde amnesia, but they can be independent
What did the removal of H.M.'s temporal lobes result in?
Dramatic reduction of seizures but severe long-term memory loss
What type of memory did H.M. have intact despite his condition?
Short-term memory
What do consolidation gradients of retrograde amnesia and memory consolidation indicate about concussions?
Concussions disrupt memory storage
Study Notes
Memory and Amnesia: Key Findings and Case Studies
- H.M. had his temporal lobes removed in 1953, resulting in dramatic reduction of seizures but severe long-term memory loss
- H.M. experienced mild retrograde amnesia (unable to remember the past) and severe anterograde amnesia (unable to form new memories)
- H.M. had intact short-term memory but was unable to move memories from short-term to long-term memory
- Clive Wearing, a musician, had severe memory impairment due to herpes simplex encephalitis, retaining some skills but unable to recall new information
- Different involvement of brain areas during encoding and retrieval affects episodic and semantic memory differently
- Patient K.C. displayed a double dissociation between impairments of personal and semantic memory
- Baddeley's 'modal model' explains episodic memory learning and recall processes
- The case of Jon, with developmental amnesia, showed impaired recall but largely intact recognition
- R.B.'s case suggests that hippocampal damage alone can produce amnesia
- Concussions may cause retrograde amnesia for the period before the blow and some anterograde amnesia after
- Consolidation gradients of retrograde amnesia and memory consolidation indicate that concussions disrupt memory storage
- Anterograde amnesia often presents with retrograde amnesia, but they can be independent
Test your knowledge of key findings and case studies related to memory and amnesia with this quiz. Explore famous cases such as H.M. and Clive Wearing, as well as insights into brain areas involved in memory processing and the impact of concussions on memory.
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