Memory Allocation Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary feature of a doubly linked list compared to a singly linked list?

  • It has an additional pointer to the previous node. (correct)
  • It allows for faster insertion at the end.
  • It can only traverse in one direction.
  • It uses a circular structure.

Which statement best describes a circular linked list?

  • It can only be traversed in a forward direction.
  • The last node points to the first node, creating a loop. (correct)
  • It requires extra memory for an additional head pointer.
  • It uses a single pointer for all node references.

What happens to the next field of a node in a linked list during deletion?

  • It retains the address of the deleted node.
  • It points to the previous node.
  • It is redirected to the node following the deleted node. (correct)
  • It is set to NULL.

When creating a new node in a singly linked list, which function is typically used for memory allocation?

<p>malloc() (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following positions can a new element be inserted into a linked list?

<p>At the first, middle, or last position. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the search operation aim to accomplish in a linked list?

<p>Find an element in the linked list (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the provided pseudocode, what happens if the specified element is found during the search?

<p>A message indicating 'element found' is printed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an application of linked lists?

<p>Real-time video processing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 'curr' in the search algorithm for the linked list?

<p>To traverse the elements of the linked list (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the algorithm write if the element is not found in the linked list?

<p>‘element not found’ is printed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory allocation occurs at the time of program execution?

<p>Dynamic memory allocation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about static memory allocation?

<p>Memory size cannot be changed after allocation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using linked lists over arrays?

<p>Easier insertion and deletion of elements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which memory region is dynamic memory allocated?

<p>Heap (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of using arrays for data storage?

<p>Array size must be predetermined. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes memory reusability in dynamic memory allocation?

<p>Memory can be freed and reused when no longer needed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to static memory after its allocation?

<p>It is permanently allocated until program termination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory allocation is typically used for arrays?

<p>Static memory allocation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a node is inserted at the beginning of a singly linked list?

<p>The new node becomes the start, and its next pointer points to the previous start. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the function create(int n) do in the context of a singly linked list?

<p>Adds a new node with value n to the end of the list. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the function deletomid(int pos), what does the variable prev represent?

<p>The node just before the target node to be deleted. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the output of the display() function if the list contains the nodes 3, 5, and 7?

<p>3-&gt;5-&gt;7-&gt;NULL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the deletion of a node from the end of a singly linked list?

<p>A temporary pointer is needed to track the previous node during traversal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial action performed when the list is empty during the create(int n) function?

<p>The new node is assigned to the variable <code>head</code>. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the search function return when a node with the specified value is not found in the list?

<p>NULL, indicating the node was not found. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the insert(int n, int pos) function, what condition is checked in the while loop?

<p>If the current count reaches the position before the insertion point. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the address field in a linked list node?

<p>To point to the next node in the list (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a null pointer in a linked list?

<p>A pointer that indicates the end of the list (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a singly linked list, in what direction can nodes be traversed?

<p>Only forward (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated when the head pointer of a linked list is set to null?

<p>The list is empty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does each node in a linked list consist of?

<p>Data and next pointer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains why linked lists can be more advantageous than arrays?

<p>Linked lists can grow and shrink dynamically. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'next pointer' in a node do?

<p>Points to the next node in the sequence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the C programming language, how is a linked list node typically defined?

<p>struct node { int data; struct node *next; }; (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Static Memory Allocation

Memory allocated by the compiler before program execution for variables.

Dynamic Memory Allocation

Memory allocated during program execution as needed.

Stack Memory

Memory area used for static memory allocation.

Heap Memory

Memory area used for dynamic memory allocation.

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Linked List

Dynamic data structure of nodes, each holding data and a pointer to the next node.

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Array

A data structure storing elements of the same data type in contiguous memory locations.

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Array Limitation

Fixed size, inefficient insertion/deletion, requires contiguous memory

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Linked List Advantage

Dynamic size and efficient insertion/deletion, does not require contiguous memory.

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Memory Allocation

Assigning memory space to program elements.

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Compile Time

The stage where the source code is transformed into executable instructions before program execution.

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Run Time

The period during which a computer program is executing.

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Memory Reusability

The ability to re-use previously allocated memory blocks.

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Linked List

A linear data structure where elements are not stored contiguously. Each element (node) stores data and a pointer to the next element.

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Node

A basic element in a linked list containing data and a pointer to the next node.

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Address Field

Part of a node that stores the memory address of the next node.

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Data Field

Part of a node that stores the data associated with the node.

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Pointer

A variable that holds the memory address of another variable (another node in a linked list).

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Null Pointer

A pointer that does not point to any node. It signifies the end of a linked list.

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Singly Linked List

A linked list where each node points only to the next node in the sequence.

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Empty List

A linked list with no nodes.

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Doubly Linked List

A linked list where each node stores a pointer to both the next and previous node.

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Circular Linked List

A linked list where the last node points back to the first node.

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Linked List Insertion

Adding a new node to a linked list by changing pointer values.

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Linked List Deletion

Removing a node by adjusting the pointers.

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Singly Linked List Creation

Building a linked list by creating nodes one by one and linking them.

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Singly Linked List Insertion

Adding new node to a singly linked list at a particular position (beginning/ middle/end).

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Insert at beginning

Adds a new node to the start of a linked list.

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Insert at end

Adds a new node to the end of a linked list.

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Insert at position

Adds a new node at a specific position within a linked list.

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Delete from beginning

Removes the first node from a linked list.

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Delete from end

Removes the last node from a linked list.

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Delete from position

Removes a node from a specific position in a linked list.

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Linked List Traversal

Process of visiting each node in a linked list.

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Linked List Search

Finds a node with a specific value in a linked list.

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Linked List Search

Method to locate a specific data element within a linked list.

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Node

Basic element in a linked list containing data and a pointer to the next node.

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Linked List Application

Applications include dynamic memory allocation, music playlists, graph implementation, and more.

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Search Algorithm

An algorithm to locate an element in a data structure.

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Linked List Advantage (vs. Array)

Linked lists offer dynamic size and efficient insertion/deletion, unlike arrays which need contiguous memory.

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Null Pointer

Pointer signifying the end of a linked list.

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Linked List

Linear data structure where elements are not stored contiguously, each referencing the next one.

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Study Notes

Memory Allocation

  • Memory allocation is a process where computer programs are assigned memory space (physical or virtual).
  • Allocation happens either before or during program execution.

Types of Memory Allocation

  • Static Memory Allocation:
    • Allocated for declared variables by the compiler.
    • Memory is allocated during compilation.
    • Less efficient
    • No memory reusability.
    • Memory size is fixed.
  • Dynamic Memory Allocation:
    • Allocation happens during program execution.
    • More efficient.
    • Memory can be reused.
    • Memory size can change.

Difference Between Static and Dynamic Memory Allocation

  • Static: Allocation happens before program execution. Memory is controlled by the programmer but allocated permanently. Uses stack and is less efficient. No memory reusability.
  • Dynamic: Allocation happens during program execution. The memory is allocated using malloc when needed. Uses heap and is more efficient. Memory can be reused.

Limitations of Arrays

  • Array size is defined at the time of programming.
  • Insertion and deletion are time-consuming.
  • Requires contiguous memory.

Advantages of Linked Lists

  • Dynamic data structure (size can change during program execution)
  • Efficient memory utilization (memory allocated only as needed).
  • Insertion and deletion are easier and more efficient.

Linked List Structure

  • A series of structures.
  • Structures are not adjacent in memory.
  • Each structure contains a data field and an address field.
  • The address field holds the address of the next structure in the sequence.

Nodes

  • Basic elements of a linked list.
  • Each node contains a data field and a next pointer.
  • The next pointer holds the address of the subsequent node.
  • The last node's next pointer is NULL.

Next Pointer

  • Attribute of a node.
  • Points to the next node in the sequence.
  • Used for traversing the linked list.

Null Pointer

  • A pointer that does not point to any node.
  • Indicates the end of the linked list.
  • The last node typically has a null pointer in its next field.

Empty List

  • A linked list with no nodes.
  • Represented by setting the head pointer to null.

Types of Linked Lists

  • Singly Linked List:
    • Successive nodes are linked sequentially in one direction.
    • Possible to traverse in only one direction.
    • Example use cases include tasks needing to be completed in sequence.
  • Doubly Linked List:
    • Each node has two pointers: one to the next node and one to the previous node.
    • Traversal is possible in two directions.
    • Useful where you need to move forward and backward through the list.
  • Circular Linked List:
    • The last node's next pointer points back to the first node.
    • Traversal loops continuously.
    • Useful in real-time applications where data needs to be processed in a continuous loop.

Operations on Singly Linked Lists

  • Insertion: Add a new node to the list (at the beginning, end, or a specified position).
  • Deletion: Remove an existing node (from the beginning, end, or a specified position).
  • Traversal: Visit each node in the list.
  • Searching: Find a specific node in the list.

Applications of Linked Lists

  • Dynamic memory allocation: Managing free memory blocks.
  • Graph implementation: Adjacency lists in graph data structures for representing sparse graphs.
  • Maintaining directories: Storing and accessing data/names.
  • Music playlists: Creating and maintaining playlists.
  • Stack and queues: Implementing fundamental data structures.
  • Large number arithmetic: Performing arithmetic operations.
  • Garbage collection: Managing memory in systems.
  • Linked dictionaries.

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