Memoria e consolidación celular

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Questions and Answers

Explique os diferentes tipos/sistemas de memoria e os procesos de memoria que se mencionan no texto.

Os diferentes tipos/sistemas de memoria mencionados no texto son: memoria a curto prazo, memoria de traballo ou memoria operativa, memoria a longo prazo declarativa ou explícita, e memoria a longo prazo non declarativa ou implícita. Os procesos de memoria mencionados inclúen codificación, almacenamento, refresco, recuperación e consolidación.

Que áreas cerebrais se implican na memoria de traballo e que papel desempeñan?

As rexións cerebrais implicadas na memoria de traballo inclúen as rexións responsables do almacenamento e refresco, as responsables do manexo da información e o executivo central. Estas áreas desempeñan un papel crucial na realización das tarefas de memoria de traballo.

Cal é a importancia do lobo temporal medial na memoria declarativa a longo prazo?

O lobo temporal medial desempeña un papel fundamental na memoria declarativa a longo prazo, pois é a área neural asociada co almacenamento e a recuperación da información declarativa, así como coa memoria espacial.

Como influen as emocións na memoria, segundo o texto?

O texto menciona que as emocións teñen influencia sobre a memoria, pero non ofrece detalles específicos sobre esta influencia. Podería ser interesante investigar máis sobre este tema para comprender como as emocións afectan os procesos de memoria. Signup and view all the answers

Cal foi a contribución de Ramón y Cajal á comprensión da memoria e do papel do córtex entorrinal e do hipocampo?

Ramón y Cajal describiu as conexións entre neuronas nas capas II e III do córtex entorrinal ao hipocampo e especulou que as funcións do córtex entorrinal e do hipocampo deben estar estreitamente relacionadas entre si e posiblemente asociadas coa memoria. Signup and view all the answers

En que consisten os principios de 'acción masiva' e 'equipotencialidade' de Lashley en relación coa memoria e as áreas cerebrais?

Lashley propuxo os principios de 'acción masiva' e 'equipotencialidade', os cales indican que as memorias non están localizadas en rexións cerebrais específicas, senón que están amplamente distribuídas en todo o cortex e que a cantidade de lesión é máis importante ca a área específica onde ocorre. Signup and view all the answers

Cal é a contribución de Hebb á comprensión da memoria?

Hebb propuxo que as memorias están almacenadas como 'ensambles neuronais' ou 'engramas', cos que se potencia as súas sinapses. Signup and view all the answers

Que revelaron as investigacións de Kandel e outros sobre a base celular do aprendizaxe e a memoria no modelo de Aplysia?

As investigacións de Kandel e outros mostraron que a memoria implica redes de poboacións neuronais en varias rexións cerebrais e a plasticidade sináptica. Signup and view all the answers

Cal é a definición de consolidación de memoria e cal é a súa relación co almacenamento de memoria?

A consolidación refírese aos cambios nas sinapses, síntese de proteínas e outros mecanismos de plasticidade sináptica que permiten a persistencia das memorias a nivel celular. O almacenamento de memoria é o resultado da adquisición e consolidación, e representa o rexistro permanente da información, a retención das trazas da memoria. Signup and view all the answers

Que diferenzas se poden distinguir entre a memoria de curto prazo (MCP) e a memoria de longo prazo (MLP)?

A memoria de curto prazo (MCP) dura minutos a horas, mentres que a memoria de longo prazo (MLP) dura minutos a décadas. Signup and view all the answers

Cal é a definición de memoria declarativa (explícita) e memoria non declarativa (implícita)?

A memoria declarativa (explícita) é explicitamente dispoñible para a evocación intencional de feitos, eventos ou estímulos e pode ser expresada en linguaxe. A memoria non declarativa (implícita) inclúe priming, habilidades procedurais e condicionamento. Signup and view all the answers

Cal é a definición de amnesia e que tipos de amnesia se distinguen comunmente?

A amnesia é un trastorno da memoria caracterizado pola incapacidade de formar novas memorias. Comúns distinguir dous tipos de amnesia: amnesia anterógrada, que é a incapacidade de formar novas memorias despois dun evento neurolóxico, e amnesia retrógrada, que é a incapacidade de recordar memorias antes dun evento neurolóxico. Signup and view all the answers

Cal é a diferencia entre a memoria declarativa e a memoria non declarativa? Explique cada unha delas en detalle.

A memoria declarativa, tamén coñecida como memoria explícita, refírese á capacidade de recordar información específica e feita conscientemente, como feitos e eventos persoais. A memoria non declarativa, ou memoria implícita, é a capacidade de recordar información de forma inconsciente, como habilidades e hábitos. Signup and view all the answers

Explica o proceso de codificación da memoria e as súas etapas.

A codificación da memoria implica a incorporación de nova información e o rexistro da mesma, creando rastros de memoria. Consiste en dúas etapas: adquisición e consolidación. Na etapa de adquisición, só algunhas dos estímulos dispoñibles son mantidos e adquiridos pola memoria de curto prazo. Na etapa de consolidación, os cambios no cerebro estabilizan a memoria ao longo do tempo, resultando na memoria a longo prazo. Signup and view all the answers

Cal é a clasificación da memoria baseada na duración ou persistencia da información almacenada? Explique cada tipo en detalle.

A memoria pode clasificarse en memoria a curto prazo (STM) e memoria a longo prazo (LTM). A STM pode durar desde segundos ata minutos, mentres que a LTM pode durar minutos, horas ou toda unha vida. Signup and view all the answers

Mencione e explique os tres procesos principais da memoria.

Os tres procesos principais da memoria son codificación (adquisición e rexistro), almacenamento e recuperación. A codificación implica a incorporación de nova información e o rexistro da mesma, creando rastros de memoria. O almacenamento refírese á capacidade de gardar a información, xa sexa temporal ou permanentemente, para recuperala e utilizala cando sexa necesario. A recuperación é a capacidade de traer á memoria a información almacenada. Signup and view all the answers

Cal é a base neural da memoria sensorial e cal é a súa duración aproximada?

A memoria sensorial é un almacén transitivo de información entrante que permite o seu uso durante un curto período de tempo, dende milisegundos a segundos. Concretamente, a memoria ecoica pode durar ata 9 ou 10 segundos e a memoria icónica entre 300 e 500 milisegundos. A persistencia da memoria sensorial en humanos foi demostrada psicofísicamente, utilizando o componente de negatividade por discordancia (MMN) de potenciais evocados, que é un índice da memoria sensorial e permitiu determinar a súa duración e a localización do almacén de memoria sensorial nas cortezas sensoriais (auditiva, visual, etc.). Signup and view all the answers

Que é a memoria de traballo e cal é o seu papel na realización de operacións cognitivas complexas?

A memoria de traballo é máis do que simplemente un almacén pasivo e transitivo de información; é a colección de procesos responsables de controlar, regular e manter información relevante para tarefas en curso, servindo operacións cognitivas complexas. Signup and view all the answers

Cal é a organización jerárquica dos sistemas de memoria e que función desempeñan as rexións posteriores e anteriores do cerebro?

Os sistemas de memoria están organizados de forma jerárquica, coas rexións posteriores servindo ás memorias sensoriais e as rexións anteriores servindo ás memorias executivas. Ambos sistemas organizanse dende o simple e concreto ata o complexo, abstracto e global. Signup and view all the answers

Que revelaron os estudos sobre lesións cerebrais e as súas implicacións na memoria, segundo o texto?

Os estudos de lesións cerebrais en humanos, así como os estudos humanos e animais posteriores, demostraron principios fundamentais da organización da memoria no cerebro, incluíndo a localización da memoria en rexións cerebrais específicas, a capacidade de estudar a memoria de forma independente doutras funcións cognitivas, o papel do lobo temporal medial no establecemento da memoria declarativa para feitos e eventos, a base para estudos máis recentes centrados na definición da base neuroanatómica de diferentes tipos e sistemas de memoria en humanos e animais non humanos, e a existencia de tipos e sistemas de memoria distintos soportados por distintas redes cerebrais distribuídas. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

In 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus conducted systematic experimental research on human memory, showing that some records have short durations while others can last days, months or years; the amount of repetition can influence the length of memory.
In 1890, William James distinguished between what he called primary memory (information that is the focus of current attention) and secondary memory (information that persists even after it has left consciousness).
In the early 20th century, Ramón y Cajal described the connections between neurons in layers II and III of the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus. Based on these connections, Cajal speculated that the functions of the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus should be closely related to each other and possibly associated with memory.
In the 1920s, the debate over memory focused on whether it was located in a specific brain region or distributed throughout the brain. Early experimental results were contradictory, leading Lashley to conduct a series of experiments using rats mazes and observing the effect of lesions on different parts of their cortex.
Lashley proposed the principles of "mass action" and "equipotentiality," which suggest that memories are not localized in specific brain regions, but rather are widely distributed throughout the cortical areas, which act holistically; the volume of a lesion is more important than the specific area where it occurs.
In the mid-20th century, there was still a holistic view of memory and its interaction with intellectual and perceptual functions. The minority view held that memories are formed by the potentiation of interactions between neurons in a neural network, and that various mental capacities are the result of the activity of cortical regions with specific functions.
In the second half of the 20th century, research revealed that memory has a neural, cellular, and molecular substrate, which involves synaptic plasticity and interactions between neural networks.
Hebb, a disciple of Lashley but also influenced by Cajal's ideas, proposed that memories are stored as neural assemblies, or "engrams," with the potentiation of their synapses.
Penfield's investigations into the effects of electrical stimulation on specific cortical areas revealed that sensations and images could be evoked in temporal and parietal areas, suggesting that they might be stored in memory.
Kandel and others' investigations into the cellular basis of learning and memory in the Aplysia model, which received a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000, showed that memory involved interactive networks of neuronal populations in various brain regions.
Scoville and Milner's publication of a study on 10 cases of "memory loss after bilateral hippocampal damage" in 1957 was a major turning point in the understanding of the neural basis of memory. Patients underwent surgery for epilepsy or psychiatric diseases, resulting in bilateral removal of brain areas in various regions, including the hippocampus and surrounding areas in the medial temporal lobe.
These patients suffered from irreversible memory loss (amnesia), particularly affecting memories of the years preceding the lesion and the inability to consolidate new information into long-term declarative memory. While some cognitive and intellectual skills were preserved, the memory loss affected all sensory modalities. However, memory for recent events, working memory, and non-declarative memory were still intact.
Cases of amnesia due to various forms of brain damage (surgery, infections, tumors, or physical or psychological trauma) in humans (cases H.M., K.F., E.P., C.W., N.A.).
Amnesia amosa, or H.M.'s case, revealed specific memory deficits and the disconnection between the medial-temporal lobe (MLP) and the medial-cerebellar peduncle (MCP). H.M. was affected in the MLP declarative memory, while K.F. showed a selective MCP impairment.
The MLP exhibited disconnections between declarative (explicit) memory, which presented amnesia anterograde, and non-declarative (implicit) memory.
The loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions was first reported in the Scoville and Milner (1957) study. Similar cases include EP, who suffered Herpes Simplex virus infection and lost the ability to consolidate new information in the MLP, and CW, known as the "man with 7 seconds of memory."
Amnesia can affect specific types of memory or aspects of memory processing. Each functional deficit is associated with a distinct brain lesion. For instance, damage to the left hemisphere can result in selective memory verbal deficits, while damage to the hippocampus can lead to non-verbal memory deficits.
Human brain injury studies, as well as subsequent human and animal studies, have demonstrated fundamental principles of memory organization in the brain. These include: (1) the localization of memory in specific brain regions, (2) the ability to study memory independently of other cognitive functions, (3) the role of the medial temporal lobe in the establishment of declarative memory for facts and events, (4) the foundation for more recent studies focusing on defining the neuroanatomical basis of different types and systems of memory in humans and non-human animals, and (5) the existence of distinct types and systems of memory supported by different distributed brain networks.
Memory systems are organized hierarchically, with posterior regions serving sensory memories and anterior regions serving executive memories. Both systems organize from simple and concrete to complex, abstract, and global.
Neurons or neuronal populations can belong to multiple processing networks, optimizing their functionality. Neuronal populations within each functional network also communicate with neurons of the same node and with neurons of other nodes in the network. This extensive interconnection is organized hierarchically.
The memory system is divided into two main categories: (1) short-term memory, or working memory, is the type or system that maintains information for seconds to minutes while it is being processed, with a limited capacity, and (2) long-term memory, which is not only a passive repository of information but also the collection of processes involved in controlling, regulating, and maintaining relevant information for ongoing tasks, and essential for complex cognitive operations.
The sensory memory can be considered a form of short-term memory or part of the attentional system. For instance, imagine watching the final 3 kilometers of a Tour de France stage on TV, where your favorite rider is escaping, and a group is chasing him closely. We are fully concentrated on the details of the race and emotionally invested in the outcome. Suddenly, our partner enters the room and says something we don't pay attention to and ends with, "…and you never listen to what I say." Our attention shifts to our partner, and we quickly respond, "Yes, I heard that, and, yes, turn on the baby monitor." The phrase our partner said, "turn on the baby monitor," which we didn't attend to before, seems to echo in our head and can be quickly retrieved by focusing our attention on it. This type of memory is called sensory memory, a transient store of incoming information that allows us to use it during a short period of time (from milliseconds to seconds), also known as echoic memory for sounds and iconic memory for visual stimuli. The persistence of sensory memory in humans has been demonstrated psychophysically, using the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of evoked potentials, which is an index of sensory memory and has allowed determining the duration of echoic memory (up to 9 or 10 seconds) and iconic memory (between 300 and 500 ms), and the location of the sensory memory store in sensory cortices (auditory, visual, etc.).
Working memory or operative memory is more than just a passive and transient store of information; it is the collection of processes responsible for controlling, regulating, and maintaining relevant information for ongoing tasks, serving complex cognitive operations.

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Testa os teus coñecementos sobre a consolidación e o almacenamento da información na memoria celular. Probablemente haberá preguntas sobre cambios na expresión xénica, síntese de proteínas e mecanismos de plasticidade sináptica.