FOUNDATION A part 3
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Questions and Answers

Which factor primarily determines the fluidity of the plasma membrane?

  • The ratio of lipids to proteins in the membrane
  • The fatty acid composition of the lipids in the membrane (correct)
  • The concentration of proteins in the membrane
  • The thickness of the membrane

Which of the following statements is true regarding the nuclear membrane?

  • It is a continuous membrane that surrounds the nucleus
  • It is responsible for separating the cell from its surroundings
  • It is a discontinuous membrane with complex pores (correct)
  • It persists throughout the entire life cycle of the cell

Which of the following is correct regarding autosomes?

  • They determine the sex of an individual.
  • They are not sex chromosomes. (correct)
  • They are not associated with histones.
  • They are the basic unit of inheritance.

Which of the following is correct regarding differentiation?

<p>Differentiation occurs in G0 of the cell cycle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the skin from superficial to deep?

<p>Corneum, granulosum, spinosum and basale. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correct regarding Apoptosis?

<p>Membrane remains intact. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a ligament found in the temporomandibular joint?

<p>Palatomandibular. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If extra-cellular osmolality increases, the cell volume will decrease.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pyruvate has a higher Gibbs free energy than glucose.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enantiomers are stereoisomers that rotate the plane of polarized light in the same direction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of glucose metabolism, which enzyme catalyses the conversion of Fructose-6-phosphate into Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?

<p>Phosphofructokinase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does phosphorylation have on the Gibbs free energy in metabolic reactions?

<p>Decreases Gibbs free energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do competitive inhibitors affect the enzyme kinetics of PFK?

<p>They increase the Km of PFK, but have no effect on the Vmax (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main parameters used to describe enzyme activity?

<p>Vmax and Km (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune system?

<p>To provide host defense against parasitic infections by secreting lysozymes, ROS, toxic proteins, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about basophils is correct?

<p>Basophils are the only circulating leukocytes that contain histamine, and their tissue-resident counterpart is the mast cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regarding blood cells is incorrect?

<p>Eosinophils are agranulocytes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most accurate order of molecule release when NK cells induce cell lysis? (first to last)

<p>Perforin, granzymes and granulysin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the germinal center reaction during the adaptive immune response?

<p>To generate high affinity B cells that produce complementary antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme catalyses both somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination in B cells?

<p>Activated induced cytidine deaminase (AID) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the G0 phase in the cell cycle?

<p>It is a resting phase where the cell 'decides' whether to divide or not (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Met/Ana or spindle checkpoint in the cell cycle?

<p>To check that all chromosomes have been properly attached to the spindle fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of meiosis I do homologous chromosomes pair and undergo crossing over?

<p>Prophase I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary event that occurs during anaphase I of meiosis?

<p>Homologous chromosomes separate and migrate to opposite poles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the cell cycle is represented by the term 'quiescent'?

<p>G0 phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between apoptosis and senescence?

<p>Apoptosis is programmed cell death, while senescence is irreversible cell cycle arrest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the A-DNA and B-DNA structures?

<p>A-DNA has 11 base pairs per turn, while B-DNA has 10.5 base pairs per turn (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Z-DNA structure differ from the B-DNA structure in terms of its handedness?

<p>Z-DNA is left-handed, while B-DNA is right-handed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that heterozygous individuals with one functioning CFTR ion channel do not exhibit cystic fibrosis?

<p>There are still enough areas where the ion channels work satisfactorily (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes a de novo mutation?

<p>The mutation occurs in a germ cell or during early embryonic development and is inherited by offspring. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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