FOUNDATION A part 3

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Which factor primarily determines the fluidity of the plasma membrane?

The ratio of lipids to proteins in the membrane

The fatty acid composition of the lipids in the membrane (correct)

The concentration of proteins in the membrane

The thickness of the membrane

Which of the following statements is true regarding the nuclear membrane?

It is a continuous membrane that surrounds the nucleus

It is responsible for separating the cell from its surroundings

It is a discontinuous membrane with complex pores (correct)

It persists throughout the entire life cycle of the cell

Which of the following is correct regarding autosomes?

They determine the sex of an individual.

They are not sex chromosomes. (correct)

They are not associated with histones.

They are the basic unit of inheritance.

Which of the following is correct regarding differentiation?

Differentiation occurs in G0 of the cell cycle. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the skin from superficial to deep?

Corneum, granulosum, spinosum and basale. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correct regarding Apoptosis?

Membrane remains intact. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a ligament found in the temporomandibular joint?

Palatomandibular. Signup and view all the answers

If extra-cellular osmolality increases, the cell volume will decrease.

True Signup and view all the answers

Pyruvate has a higher Gibbs free energy than glucose.

False Signup and view all the answers

Enantiomers are stereoisomers that rotate the plane of polarized light in the same direction.

False Signup and view all the answers

In the context of glucose metabolism, which enzyme catalyses the conversion of Fructose-6-phosphate into Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?

Phosphofructokinase Signup and view all the answers

What effect does phosphorylation have on the Gibbs free energy in metabolic reactions?

Decreases Gibbs free energy Signup and view all the answers

How do competitive inhibitors affect the enzyme kinetics of PFK?

They increase the Km of PFK, but have no effect on the Vmax Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main parameters used to describe enzyme activity?

Vmax and Km Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune system?

To provide host defense against parasitic infections by secreting lysozymes, ROS, toxic proteins, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about basophils is correct?

Basophils are the only circulating leukocytes that contain histamine, and their tissue-resident counterpart is the mast cell. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regarding blood cells is incorrect?

Eosinophils are agranulocytes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most accurate order of molecule release when NK cells induce cell lysis? (first to last)

Perforin, granzymes and granulysin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the germinal center reaction during the adaptive immune response?

To generate high affinity B cells that produce complementary antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme catalyses both somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination in B cells?

Activated induced cytidine deaminase (AID) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the G0 phase in the cell cycle?

It is a resting phase where the cell 'decides' whether to divide or not Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Met/Ana or spindle checkpoint in the cell cycle?

To check that all chromosomes have been properly attached to the spindle fibers Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of meiosis I do homologous chromosomes pair and undergo crossing over?

Prophase I Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary event that occurs during anaphase I of meiosis?

Homologous chromosomes separate and migrate to opposite poles Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the cell cycle is represented by the term 'quiescent'?

G0 phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between apoptosis and senescence?

Apoptosis is programmed cell death, while senescence is irreversible cell cycle arrest Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the A-DNA and B-DNA structures?

A-DNA has 11 base pairs per turn, while B-DNA has 10.5 base pairs per turn Signup and view all the answers

How does the Z-DNA structure differ from the B-DNA structure in terms of its handedness?

Z-DNA is left-handed, while B-DNA is right-handed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that heterozygous individuals with one functioning CFTR ion channel do not exhibit cystic fibrosis?

There are still enough areas where the ion channels work satisfactorily Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes a de novo mutation?

The mutation occurs in a germ cell or during early embryonic development and is inherited by offspring. Signup and view all the answers