Membrane Carbohydrates and Cell Interactions

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What is the process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome?

Pinocytosis

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

Phagocytosis (correct)

What is formed when a cell engulfs solid particles through phagocytosis?

Lysosome

Phagosome (correct)

Vesicle

Vacuole

What is the purpose of phagocytosis in the immune system?

To acquire nutrients for cells

To release molecules extracellularly

To remove pathogens and cell debris (correct)

To produce lysosomes

What is the process of internalizing solid particles through vesicular formation?

Endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of lysosomes in the cellular process of phagocytosis?

To fuse with phagosomes Signup and view all the answers

What type of particles are typically phagocytosed by cells?

Solid particles Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the signal molecule binding to the receptor protein?

It alters the receptor protein in some way Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of signal transduction pathways?

To maintain homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the second messenger in signal transduction?

It triggers a preprogrammed series of biochemical events Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the binding of the receptor with the extracellular chemical messenger?

The opening or closing of specific channels in the membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of multistep pathways in signal transduction?

They amplify the signal Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of post-receptor events in signal transduction?

They are fairly common Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of short-chain carbohydrates on the outer membrane surface?

To act as a 'trademark' of a particular cell type, for recognition Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrate-containing surface markers in growth?

To regulate cell growth and prevent overgrowth Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the plasma membrane that allows certain molecules to pass through?

It is selectively permeable Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is highly lipid-soluble and can readily permeate the cell membrane?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of CAMs with carbohydrate on the outermost tip?

To participate in cell adhesion activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of abnormal surface markers present in tumor cells?

Uncontrolled cell growth Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a chemical messenger binds to a receptor on the surface membrane?

The combination serves as a signal for activation of an intracellular second messenger Signup and view all the answers

How do second messengers spread throughout cells?

By diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors are involved in second messenger pathways?

Both G-protein-linked receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme used in the cyclic-AMP or C-AMP pathway?

Adenylyl cyclase Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate result of the second messenger pathways?

The structure and function of particular cell proteins are altered Signup and view all the answers

How do the two second messenger pathways achieve their cellular responses?

By either increasing or decreasing the activity of a particular enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a series of protein kinases activating each other?

A large amplification of the original signal Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of somatic cell division?

To replace dead or injured cells and add new ones during tissue growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which cells reproduce themselves?

Cell division Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between somatic cells and germ cells?

Somatic cells are any cell of the body other than a germ cell Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during somatic cell division?

Mitosis and cytokinesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reproductive cell division?

To produce gametes for the next generation Signup and view all the answers