30 Questions
What is the process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome?
Phagocytosis
What is formed when a cell engulfs solid particles through phagocytosis?
Phagosome
What is the purpose of phagocytosis in the immune system?
To remove pathogens and cell debris
What is the process of internalizing solid particles through vesicular formation?
Endocytosis
What is the purpose of lysosomes in the cellular process of phagocytosis?
To fuse with phagosomes
What type of particles are typically phagocytosed by cells?
Solid particles
What is the result of the signal molecule binding to the receptor protein?
It alters the receptor protein in some way
What is the main purpose of signal transduction pathways?
To maintain homeostasis
What is the role of the second messenger in signal transduction?
It triggers a preprogrammed series of biochemical events
What is the result of the binding of the receptor with the extracellular chemical messenger?
The opening or closing of specific channels in the membrane
What is the significance of multistep pathways in signal transduction?
They amplify the signal
What is the result of post-receptor events in signal transduction?
They are fairly common
What is the function of short-chain carbohydrates on the outer membrane surface?
To act as a 'trademark' of a particular cell type, for recognition
What is the primary function of carbohydrate-containing surface markers in growth?
To regulate cell growth and prevent overgrowth
What is the characteristic of the plasma membrane that allows certain molecules to pass through?
It is selectively permeable
Which of the following molecules is highly lipid-soluble and can readily permeate the cell membrane?
Oxygen
What is the primary function of CAMs with carbohydrate on the outermost tip?
To participate in cell adhesion activity
What is the result of abnormal surface markers present in tumor cells?
Uncontrolled cell growth
What happens when a chemical messenger binds to a receptor on the surface membrane?
The combination serves as a signal for activation of an intracellular second messenger
How do second messengers spread throughout cells?
By diffusion
What type of receptors are involved in second messenger pathways?
Both G-protein-linked receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases
What is the enzyme used in the cyclic-AMP or C-AMP pathway?
Adenylyl cyclase
What is the ultimate result of the second messenger pathways?
The structure and function of particular cell proteins are altered
How do the two second messenger pathways achieve their cellular responses?
By either increasing or decreasing the activity of a particular enzyme
What is the result of a series of protein kinases activating each other?
A large amplification of the original signal
What is the main function of somatic cell division?
To replace dead or injured cells and add new ones during tissue growth
What is the term for the process by which cells reproduce themselves?
Cell division
What is the difference between somatic cells and germ cells?
Somatic cells are any cell of the body other than a germ cell
What occurs during somatic cell division?
Mitosis and cytokinesis
What is the purpose of reproductive cell division?
To produce gametes for the next generation
Test your understanding of membrane carbohydrates and their role in cell recognition, self-identity, and cell-to-cell interactions. Learn how short-chain carbohydrates on the outer membrane surface enable cells to identify and interact with each other.
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