Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the photorespiration presence at low light intensities?
What is the photorespiration presence at low light intensities?
- Always
- Sometimes
- High
- Negligible (correct)
Temperature optimal for photosynthesis is usually above 40°C.
Temperature optimal for photosynthesis is usually above 40°C.
False (B)
Name one external factor that affects the rate of photosynthesis.
Name one external factor that affects the rate of photosynthesis.
Sunlight, temperature, CO2 concentration, or water
The rate of photosynthesis is influenced by both internal and ______ factors.
The rate of photosynthesis is influenced by both internal and ______ factors.
What is the probable photorespiration presence at high CO2 concentrations?
What is the probable photorespiration presence at high CO2 concentrations?
The Law of Limiting Factors states that only one factor determines the rate of a process at any time.
The Law of Limiting Factors states that only one factor determines the rate of a process at any time.
Match the following factors affecting photosynthesis with their category:
Match the following factors affecting photosynthesis with their category:
What kind of plant structure can be observed to study Kranz anatomy?
What kind of plant structure can be observed to study Kranz anatomy?
What did Joseph Priestley discover in 1774?
What did Joseph Priestley discover in 1774?
Priestley concluded that plants damage the air we breathe.
Priestley concluded that plants damage the air we breathe.
What essential role does sunlight play in the process of photosynthesis according to Ingenhousz's experiments?
What essential role does sunlight play in the process of photosynthesis according to Ingenhousz's experiments?
Joseph Priestley's experiment involved placing a ________ plant in a bell jar.
Joseph Priestley's experiment involved placing a ________ plant in a bell jar.
Match the scientist with their contribution to the understanding of photosynthesis:
Match the scientist with their contribution to the understanding of photosynthesis:
What happens to a mouse in a closed bell jar without a plant?
What happens to a mouse in a closed bell jar without a plant?
Ingenhousz identified the bubbles produced by aquatic plants as carbon dioxide.
Ingenhousz identified the bubbles produced by aquatic plants as carbon dioxide.
Jan Ingenhousz used an aquatic plant to demonstrate that plants release ________ in sunlight.
Jan Ingenhousz used an aquatic plant to demonstrate that plants release ________ in sunlight.
What is synthesized during electron flow in non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
What is synthesized during electron flow in non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
Cyclic photophosphorylation results in the synthesis of both ATP and NADPH + H+.
Cyclic photophosphorylation results in the synthesis of both ATP and NADPH + H+.
What is the location where cyclic photophosphorylation occurs?
What is the location where cyclic photophosphorylation occurs?
Cyclic photophosphorylation occurs when only light of wavelengths beyond _____ nm are available for excitation.
Cyclic photophosphorylation occurs when only light of wavelengths beyond _____ nm are available for excitation.
Match the following components with their functions:
Match the following components with their functions:
Which of the following statements is true about the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?
Which of the following statements is true about the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?
Proton accumulation in photosynthesis occurs in the intermembrane space of thylakoids.
Proton accumulation in photosynthesis occurs in the intermembrane space of thylakoids.
What hypothesis explains the ATP synthesis mechanism in chloroplasts?
What hypothesis explains the ATP synthesis mechanism in chloroplasts?
What did Julius von Sachs demonstrate about glucose?
What did Julius von Sachs demonstrate about glucose?
Chlorophyll is located in the nucleus of plant cells.
Chlorophyll is located in the nucleus of plant cells.
What is the main light-dependent reaction in photosynthesis demonstrated by Cornelius van Niel?
What is the main light-dependent reaction in photosynthesis demonstrated by Cornelius van Niel?
In the equation for photosynthesis, the abbreviation [CH2O] represents a ________.
In the equation for photosynthesis, the abbreviation [CH2O] represents a ________.
According to the key features of plant photosynthesis, plants use light energy to convert which of the following into carbohydrates?
According to the key features of plant photosynthesis, plants use light energy to convert which of the following into carbohydrates?
Match the following scientists with their contributions to photosynthesis:
Match the following scientists with their contributions to photosynthesis:
Oxygen released by green plants during photosynthesis comes from carbon dioxide.
Oxygen released by green plants during photosynthesis comes from carbon dioxide.
What type of organisms do not release oxygen during photosynthesis?
What type of organisms do not release oxygen during photosynthesis?
Which of the following compounds is produced during the carbon fixation cycle by the enzyme RuBisCO?
Which of the following compounds is produced during the carbon fixation cycle by the enzyme RuBisCO?
The main product of the Calvin cycle is RuBP.
The main product of the Calvin cycle is RuBP.
What is the wasteful reaction that RuBisCO can catalyze in C3 plants called?
What is the wasteful reaction that RuBisCO can catalyze in C3 plants called?
The first product of CO2 fixation in C4 plants is a _____-carbon compound.
The first product of CO2 fixation in C4 plants is a _____-carbon compound.
In which part of the plant does the Calvin pathway occur in C4 plants?
In which part of the plant does the Calvin pathway occur in C4 plants?
Match the types of photosynthesis with their characteristics:
Match the types of photosynthesis with their characteristics:
Chlorophyll b is essential for photosynthesis on its own.
Chlorophyll b is essential for photosynthesis on its own.
Why are leaves on the sunny side of a plant typically darker green compared to those on the shady side?
Why are leaves on the sunny side of a plant typically darker green compared to those on the shady side?
Which enzyme is responsible for the fixation of CO2 in C4 plants?
Which enzyme is responsible for the fixation of CO2 in C4 plants?
C3 plants perform the Calvin pathway only in the bundle sheath cells.
C3 plants perform the Calvin pathway only in the bundle sheath cells.
What is the primary role of RuBisCO in the Calvin pathway?
What is the primary role of RuBisCO in the Calvin pathway?
In C4 plants, the C4 acid formed is initially _____ in the mesophyll cells.
In C4 plants, the C4 acid formed is initially _____ in the mesophyll cells.
Match the following compounds with their respective characteristics:
Match the following compounds with their respective characteristics:
What happens to the C4 acids in the bundle sheath cells?
What happens to the C4 acids in the bundle sheath cells?
What is photorespiration, and why is it significant for C3 plants?
What is photorespiration, and why is it significant for C3 plants?
C4 plants lack RuBisCO in their mesophyll cells.
C4 plants lack RuBisCO in their mesophyll cells.
What molecule forms the reaction centre in both photosystems?
What molecule forms the reaction centre in both photosystems?
Photosystem I has a reaction centre with an absorption peak at 680 nm.
Photosystem I has a reaction centre with an absorption peak at 680 nm.
What is the absorption peak of chlorophyll a in photosystem II?
What is the absorption peak of chlorophyll a in photosystem II?
What major research did Melvin Calvin contribute to in 1961?
What major research did Melvin Calvin contribute to in 1961?
All organisms, including humans, are autotrophs.
All organisms, including humans, are autotrophs.
The process that moves electrons downhill through an electron transport system is called ______.
The process that moves electrons downhill through an electron transport system is called ______.
What is the process called that allows green plants to synthesize food using light energy?
What is the process called that allows green plants to synthesize food using light energy?
Match the following chlorophyll absorption peaks with their photosystem:
Match the following chlorophyll absorption peaks with their photosystem:
The green plants can be classified as ______ because they synthesize their own food.
The green plants can be classified as ______ because they synthesize their own food.
What is the primary role of the light-harvesting complex (LHC) in photosystems?
What is the primary role of the light-harvesting complex (LHC) in photosystems?
In photosystem II, electrons are excited by green light.
In photosystem II, electrons are excited by green light.
Which of the following statements about autotrophs is true?
Which of the following statements about autotrophs is true?
What is the final acceptor molecule for electrons in photosystem I?
What is the final acceptor molecule for electrons in photosystem I?
Plants synthesize food directly from sunlight without any other raw materials.
Plants synthesize food directly from sunlight without any other raw materials.
What substance did Melvin Calvin use to label carbon dioxide during his studies?
What substance did Melvin Calvin use to label carbon dioxide during his studies?
What is the primary product of photosynthesis?
What is the primary product of photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis only occurs in the green leaves of plants.
Photosynthesis only occurs in the green leaves of plants.
What are the two types of reactions involved in photosynthesis?
What are the two types of reactions involved in photosynthesis?
In photosynthesis, the process of converting light energy into chemical energy occurs in the ______.
In photosynthesis, the process of converting light energy into chemical energy occurs in the ______.
Match the components of chloroplasts with their functions:
Match the components of chloroplasts with their functions:
Why is water (H2O) a crucial substrate in photosynthesis?
Why is water (H2O) a crucial substrate in photosynthesis?
Even though dark reactions are called so, they can still occur in the presence of light.
Even though dark reactions are called so, they can still occur in the presence of light.
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for photosynthesis?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for photosynthesis?
What alignment do chloroplasts take when they require maximum light exposure?
What alignment do chloroplasts take when they require maximum light exposure?
Plants release oxygen during the process of photosynthesis.
Plants release oxygen during the process of photosynthesis.
What is the initial product formed from CO2 fixation in C4 plants?
What is the initial product formed from CO2 fixation in C4 plants?
What substance was used in one of the experiments to absorb CO2?
What substance was used in one of the experiments to absorb CO2?
C3 plants perform the Calvin pathway only in the mesophyll cells.
C3 plants perform the Calvin pathway only in the mesophyll cells.
Photosynthesis converts light energy into ________ energy.
Photosynthesis converts light energy into ________ energy.
What role does RuBisCO play in the Calvin pathway?
What role does RuBisCO play in the Calvin pathway?
In the bundle sheath cells, C4 acids are broken down to release CO2 and a _____-carbon molecule.
In the bundle sheath cells, C4 acids are broken down to release CO2 and a _____-carbon molecule.
Match the following components involved in photosynthesis with their roles:
Match the following components involved in photosynthesis with their roles:
What was observed in the part of the leaf that was exposed to light during the starch test?
What was observed in the part of the leaf that was exposed to light during the starch test?
Photosynthesis occurs only in the green parts of the plant.
Photosynthesis occurs only in the green parts of the plant.
What is the main purpose of photosynthesis in plants?
What is the main purpose of photosynthesis in plants?
Photorespiration occurs when RuBisCO binds to CO2 more efficiently than O2.
Photorespiration occurs when RuBisCO binds to CO2 more efficiently than O2.
In what type of plant cells does the Calvin pathway occur in C4 plants?
In what type of plant cells does the Calvin pathway occur in C4 plants?
What is the primary role of RuBisCO in the carbon fixation cycle?
What is the primary role of RuBisCO in the carbon fixation cycle?
C4 plants perform the Calvin cycle only in the mesophyll cells.
C4 plants perform the Calvin cycle only in the mesophyll cells.
What are the products released during the splitting of water molecules in photosynthesis?
What are the products released during the splitting of water molecules in photosynthesis?
C4 plants initially fix CO2 into a _____-carbon compound.
C4 plants initially fix CO2 into a _____-carbon compound.
Match the following plant pathways with their characteristics:
Match the following plant pathways with their characteristics:
Which of the following correctly describes the function of ATP in the Calvin cycle?
Which of the following correctly describes the function of ATP in the Calvin cycle?
C4 plants are less productive than C3 plants due to more inefficient CO2 fixation.
C4 plants are less productive than C3 plants due to more inefficient CO2 fixation.
Why do tropical plants exhibit the C4 photosynthesis pathway?
Why do tropical plants exhibit the C4 photosynthesis pathway?
What is the major limiting factor for photosynthesis in terms of gas concentration?
What is the major limiting factor for photosynthesis in terms of gas concentration?
C4 plants show saturation at a lower CO2 concentration than C3 plants.
C4 plants show saturation at a lower CO2 concentration than C3 plants.
What happens to the rate of photosynthesis when light intensity exceeds a certain limit?
What happens to the rate of photosynthesis when light intensity exceeds a certain limit?
Photosynthesis requires light, carbon dioxide, and ________.
Photosynthesis requires light, carbon dioxide, and ________.
Match the following factors to their effects on photosynthesis:
Match the following factors to their effects on photosynthesis:
At what percentage of full sunlight does light saturation occur for most plants?
At what percentage of full sunlight does light saturation occur for most plants?
Both C3 and C4 plants respond to high CO2 concentrations at low light conditions.
Both C3 and C4 plants respond to high CO2 concentrations at low light conditions.
What is the relationship between incident light and CO2 fixation rates at low light intensities?
What is the relationship between incident light and CO2 fixation rates at low light intensities?
What is the primary biological function of photorespiration?
What is the primary biological function of photorespiration?
C4 plants undergo photorespiration.
C4 plants undergo photorespiration.
In which cells does the Calvin cycle occur in C4 plants?
In which cells does the Calvin cycle occur in C4 plants?
The primary CO2 acceptor in plants is __________.
The primary CO2 acceptor in plants is __________.
Which of the following characteristics is true for C4 plants?
Which of the following characteristics is true for C4 plants?
Match the characteristics with either C3 or C4 plants:
Match the characteristics with either C3 or C4 plants:
Photorespiration is considered a beneficial process for plant productivity.
Photorespiration is considered a beneficial process for plant productivity.
Name one reason why productivity is better in C4 plants compared to C3 plants.
Name one reason why productivity is better in C4 plants compared to C3 plants.
Which pigment is the most abundant in plants and plays a primary role in photosynthesis?
Which pigment is the most abundant in plants and plays a primary role in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll b is responsible for the maximum absorption of light in the red region of the spectrum.
Chlorophyll b is responsible for the maximum absorption of light in the red region of the spectrum.
How many different pigments are involved in photosynthesis according to the information provided?
How many different pigments are involved in photosynthesis according to the information provided?
Chlorophyll a shows maximum absorption in the ________ and ________ regions of the wavelength spectrum.
Chlorophyll a shows maximum absorption in the ________ and ________ regions of the wavelength spectrum.
Match the following pigments with their corresponding color:
Match the following pigments with their corresponding color:
Which process can be used to separate leaf pigments for analysis?
Which process can be used to separate leaf pigments for analysis?
All pigments involved in photosynthesis absorb light at the same wavelengths.
All pigments involved in photosynthesis absorb light at the same wavelengths.
What is the role of pigments in photosynthesis?
What is the role of pigments in photosynthesis?
Which organic acid is the first stable product of CO2 fixation in C4 plants?
Which organic acid is the first stable product of CO2 fixation in C4 plants?
All plants have PGA as the first product of CO2 fixation.
All plants have PGA as the first product of CO2 fixation.
What is the enzyme responsible for the carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)?
What is the enzyme responsible for the carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)?
The primary acceptor of CO2 in the Calvin cycle is ________ bisphosphate.
The primary acceptor of CO2 in the Calvin cycle is ________ bisphosphate.
Which stage of the Calvin cycle involves the fixation of CO2 into an organic intermediate?
Which stage of the Calvin cycle involves the fixation of CO2 into an organic intermediate?
Match the following components of the Calvin cycle with their description:
Match the following components of the Calvin cycle with their description:
The Calvin cycle occurs exclusively in plants using the C3 pathway.
The Calvin cycle occurs exclusively in plants using the C3 pathway.
How many carbon atoms does ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) contain?
How many carbon atoms does ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) contain?
Which of the following stages occurs first in the Calvin cycle?
Which of the following stages occurs first in the Calvin cycle?
The Calvin cycle requires 2 ATP molecules for each CO2 fixed to produce glucose.
The Calvin cycle requires 2 ATP molecules for each CO2 fixed to produce glucose.
What is the primary enzyme involved in the fixation of CO2 during the Calvin cycle?
What is the primary enzyme involved in the fixation of CO2 during the Calvin cycle?
The final product generated in the reduction phase of the Calvin cycle is __________.
The final product generated in the reduction phase of the Calvin cycle is __________.
Match the following stages of the Calvin cycle with their respective descriptions:
Match the following stages of the Calvin cycle with their respective descriptions:
How many turns of the Calvin cycle are required to produce one molecule of glucose?
How many turns of the Calvin cycle are required to produce one molecule of glucose?
The process of regeneration in the Calvin cycle requires ATP.
The process of regeneration in the Calvin cycle requires ATP.
What two molecules are primarily used during the reduction phase of the Calvin cycle?
What two molecules are primarily used during the reduction phase of the Calvin cycle?
What compound is initially formed in the mesophyll cells of C4 plants?
What compound is initially formed in the mesophyll cells of C4 plants?
The Calvin pathway occurs in the mesophyll cells of C4 plants.
The Calvin pathway occurs in the mesophyll cells of C4 plants.
What is the role of RuBisCO in the Calvin pathway?
What is the role of RuBisCO in the Calvin pathway?
In photorespiration, RuBP binds with _____ instead of CO2.
In photorespiration, RuBP binds with _____ instead of CO2.
Match the following plant structures to their functions:
Match the following plant structures to their functions:
Which of the following enzymes is absent in the mesophyll cells of C4 plants?
Which of the following enzymes is absent in the mesophyll cells of C4 plants?
In C4 plants, CO2 is initially fixed to form a 4-carbon compound.
In C4 plants, CO2 is initially fixed to form a 4-carbon compound.
What is the end product of C4 acid breakdown in the bundle sheath cells?
What is the end product of C4 acid breakdown in the bundle sheath cells?
What does cyclic photophosphorylation primarily produce?
What does cyclic photophosphorylation primarily produce?
Cyclic photophosphorylation occurs when only light of wavelengths below 680 nm are available for excitation.
Cyclic photophosphorylation occurs when only light of wavelengths below 680 nm are available for excitation.
What is the main difference in proton accumulation during ATP synthesis in photosynthesis compared to respiration?
What is the main difference in proton accumulation during ATP synthesis in photosynthesis compared to respiration?
The electron transport chain connects the two ________ in the photosynthesis process.
The electron transport chain connects the two ________ in the photosynthesis process.
Match the terms related to photosynthesis with their descriptions:
Match the terms related to photosynthesis with their descriptions:
In cyclic photophosphorylation, where does the excited electron ultimately return?
In cyclic photophosphorylation, where does the excited electron ultimately return?
The chemiosmotic hypothesis explains how ATP is synthesized in the chloroplast.
The chemiosmotic hypothesis explains how ATP is synthesized in the chloroplast.
What is a likely location for cyclic photophosphorylation to occur in the chloroplast?
What is a likely location for cyclic photophosphorylation to occur in the chloroplast?
What is the main consequence of the proton gradient created across the thylakoid membrane?
What is the main consequence of the proton gradient created across the thylakoid membrane?
The accumulation of protons in the lumen of the thylakoids increases the pH of the lumen.
The accumulation of protons in the lumen of the thylakoids increases the pH of the lumen.
Where does the NADP reductase enzyme operate in relation to the thylakoid membrane?
Where does the NADP reductase enzyme operate in relation to the thylakoid membrane?
The process of synthesizing ATP through the breakdown of the proton gradient is called __________.
The process of synthesizing ATP through the breakdown of the proton gradient is called __________.
Match the following components of the ATP synthase enzyme with their functions:
Match the following components of the ATP synthase enzyme with their functions:
How do electrons contribute to the formation of a proton gradient?
How do electrons contribute to the formation of a proton gradient?
The splitting of water molecules generates protons, which accumulate in the stroma.
The splitting of water molecules generates protons, which accumulate in the stroma.
What happens to protons during the transport of electrons in photosystems?
What happens to protons during the transport of electrons in photosystems?
What is the first product formed when CO2 is fixed in the Calvin cycle?
What is the first product formed when CO2 is fixed in the Calvin cycle?
The biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis is directly dependent on the presence of light.
The biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis is directly dependent on the presence of light.
How many carbon atoms are in 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)?
How many carbon atoms are in 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)?
Chemiosmosis is dependent on a membrane, a proton pump, a proton gradient, and ______.
Chemiosmosis is dependent on a membrane, a proton pump, a proton gradient, and ______.
Match the following products of photosynthesis with their uses:
Match the following products of photosynthesis with their uses:
What causes the conformational change in the CF1 particle of the ATP synthase?
What causes the conformational change in the CF1 particle of the ATP synthase?
ATP can be utilized immediately in the biosynthetic reactions in the stroma after it is produced.
ATP can be utilized immediately in the biosynthetic reactions in the stroma after it is produced.
What discovery is Melvin Calvin known for in relation to photosynthesis?
What discovery is Melvin Calvin known for in relation to photosynthesis?
Which stage of the Calvin cycle involves the fixation of CO2 with ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate?
Which stage of the Calvin cycle involves the fixation of CO2 with ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate?
The Calvin cycle requires 3 molecules of ATP and 2 of NADPH for every molecule of CO2 fixed.
The Calvin cycle requires 3 molecules of ATP and 2 of NADPH for every molecule of CO2 fixed.
What molecule is regenerated at the end of the Calvin cycle to allow the cycle to continue?
What molecule is regenerated at the end of the Calvin cycle to allow the cycle to continue?
The Calvin cycle consists of three main stages: carboxylation, reduction, and ________.
The Calvin cycle consists of three main stages: carboxylation, reduction, and ________.
Match the stage of the Calvin cycle with its corresponding description:
Match the stage of the Calvin cycle with its corresponding description:
What are the products formed from the reduction stage of the Calvin cycle?
What are the products formed from the reduction stage of the Calvin cycle?
For every CO2 molecule fixed, the Calvin cycle requires 2 molecules of ATP but no NADPH.
For every CO2 molecule fixed, the Calvin cycle requires 2 molecules of ATP but no NADPH.
How many ATP molecules are required to synthesize one molecule of glucose through the Calvin pathway?
How many ATP molecules are required to synthesize one molecule of glucose through the Calvin pathway?
C4 plants typically have a process called photorespiration that is more active than in C3 plants.
C4 plants typically have a process called photorespiration that is more active than in C3 plants.
What is the first CO2 fixation product in C4 plants?
What is the first CO2 fixation product in C4 plants?
The cells surrounding the vascular bundles in C4 plants are known as ______ cells.
The cells surrounding the vascular bundles in C4 plants are known as ______ cells.
Match the following components with their descriptions:
Match the following components with their descriptions:
Which process do C4 plants primarily utilize for glucose synthesis?
Which process do C4 plants primarily utilize for glucose synthesis?
How many NADPH molecules are required to make one molecule of glucose through the Calvin pathway?
How many NADPH molecules are required to make one molecule of glucose through the Calvin pathway?
C4 plants have greater productivity of biomass compared to C3 plants.
C4 plants have greater productivity of biomass compared to C3 plants.
Which pigments are classified as accessory pigments in photosynthesis?
Which pigments are classified as accessory pigments in photosynthesis?
The light reactions of photosynthesis do not involve the formation of ATP.
The light reactions of photosynthesis do not involve the formation of ATP.
What are the two discrete light harvesting complexes involved in photosynthesis?
What are the two discrete light harvesting complexes involved in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll absorbs mostly light in the ___ and ___ regions of the spectrum.
Chlorophyll absorbs mostly light in the ___ and ___ regions of the spectrum.
What is the primary function of accessory pigments in photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of accessory pigments in photosynthesis?
The main role of chlorophyll b is to act alone in photosynthesis.
The main role of chlorophyll b is to act alone in photosynthesis.
What are the high-energy chemical intermediates formed during light reactions?
What are the high-energy chemical intermediates formed during light reactions?
What does the Z scheme describe in photosynthesis?
What does the Z scheme describe in photosynthesis?
What is the primary product of photosynthesis represented in the equation?
What is the primary product of photosynthesis represented in the equation?
The splitting of water occurs associated with photosystem I.
The splitting of water occurs associated with photosystem I.
Photosynthesis occurs only in the green leaves of plants.
Photosynthesis occurs only in the green leaves of plants.
What are the net products of water splitting in photosynthesis?
What are the net products of water splitting in photosynthesis?
During non-cyclic photo-phosphorylation, ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic ________ in the presence of light.
During non-cyclic photo-phosphorylation, ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic ________ in the presence of light.
The oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from the breakdown of __________.
The oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from the breakdown of __________.
Match the following components of photosynthesis with their functions:
Match the following components of photosynthesis with their functions:
What is one of the main outputs of the cyclic photo-phosphorylation process?
What is one of the main outputs of the cyclic photo-phosphorylation process?
Match the following components of chloroplasts with their functions:
Match the following components of chloroplasts with their functions:
In cyclic photo-phosphorylation, only photosystem II is involved.
In cyclic photo-phosphorylation, only photosystem II is involved.
Why are chloroplasts usually aligned parallel to the cell walls in mesophyll cells?
Why are chloroplasts usually aligned parallel to the cell walls in mesophyll cells?
Which complex is associated with photosystem II for supplying electrons?
Which complex is associated with photosystem II for supplying electrons?
The light reactions of photosynthesis do not require light.
The light reactions of photosynthesis do not require light.
What are the two products of the light reactions that are essential for the dark reactions?
What are the two products of the light reactions that are essential for the dark reactions?
How many molecules of ATP are required to produce one glucose molecule through the Calvin pathway?
How many molecules of ATP are required to produce one glucose molecule through the Calvin pathway?
C4 plants show a process called photorespiration.
C4 plants show a process called photorespiration.
What is the primary CO2 acceptor in the C4 pathway?
What is the primary CO2 acceptor in the C4 pathway?
In the C4 pathway, the first CO2 fixation product is ______ acid.
In the C4 pathway, the first CO2 fixation product is ______ acid.
Match the following types of plants with their characteristics:
Match the following types of plants with their characteristics:
What is the primary function of RuBisCO in the Calvin cycle?
What is the primary function of RuBisCO in the Calvin cycle?
Which of the following describes a key feature of C4 plants?
Which of the following describes a key feature of C4 plants?
The formation of one molecule of glucose requires 6 turns of the Calvin cycle.
The formation of one molecule of glucose requires 6 turns of the Calvin cycle.
What are the three stages of the Calvin cycle?
What are the three stages of the Calvin cycle?
In C4 plants, the bundle sheath cells have intercellular spaces that facilitate gas exchange.
In C4 plants, the bundle sheath cells have intercellular spaces that facilitate gas exchange.
What anatomical feature is unique to C4 plants and is reflected in the term 'Kranz'?
What anatomical feature is unique to C4 plants and is reflected in the term 'Kranz'?
During the reduction phase of the Calvin cycle, ________ molecules of ATP are required for each CO2 fixed.
During the reduction phase of the Calvin cycle, ________ molecules of ATP are required for each CO2 fixed.
Match the processes in the Calvin cycle with their descriptions:
Match the processes in the Calvin cycle with their descriptions:
What is a key role of NADPH in the Calvin cycle?
What is a key role of NADPH in the Calvin cycle?
ATP is not needed in the regeneration phase of the Calvin cycle.
ATP is not needed in the regeneration phase of the Calvin cycle.
The enzyme RuBisCO is correctly named as RuBP carboxylase-________.
The enzyme RuBisCO is correctly named as RuBP carboxylase-________.
Which plants are known to benefit from increased CO2 concentration in terms of higher productivity?
Which plants are known to benefit from increased CO2 concentration in terms of higher productivity?
C4 plants have a lower temperature optimum for photosynthesis compared to C3 plants.
C4 plants have a lower temperature optimum for photosynthesis compared to C3 plants.
What is the main reactant in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
What is the main reactant in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
The photosystems used in the light reaction are known as _____ and _____.
The photosystems used in the light reaction are known as _____ and _____.
Match the type of plant with its photosynthesis characteristics:
Match the type of plant with its photosynthesis characteristics:
What is one consequence of water stress in plants?
What is one consequence of water stress in plants?
The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the stroma of chloroplasts.
The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the stroma of chloroplasts.
What do mesophyll cells contain that is crucial for CO2 fixation during photosynthesis?
What do mesophyll cells contain that is crucial for CO2 fixation during photosynthesis?
What is the primary role of the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane?
What is the primary role of the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane?
Protons are released into the lumen as the primary accepter of electrons transfers electrons to an H carrier.
Protons are released into the lumen as the primary accepter of electrons transfers electrons to an H carrier.
What enzyme reduces NADP+ to NADPH?
What enzyme reduces NADP+ to NADPH?
The __________ gradient created during photosynthesis is vital for ATP synthesis.
The __________ gradient created during photosynthesis is vital for ATP synthesis.
Match the components with their roles in creating the proton gradient.
Match the components with their roles in creating the proton gradient.
Where does the accumulation of protons occur during the process described?
Where does the accumulation of protons occur during the process described?
The pH in the lumen of the thylakoids increases due to the accumulation of protons.
The pH in the lumen of the thylakoids increases due to the accumulation of protons.
What part of the ATP synthase enzyme is embedded in the thylakoid membrane?
What part of the ATP synthase enzyme is embedded in the thylakoid membrane?
What is the primary function of photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll is the primary pigment responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chlorophyll is the primary pigment responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
What gas is absorbed by plants during photosynthesis?
What gas is absorbed by plants during photosynthesis?
The process of photosynthesis converts light energy into __________ energy.
The process of photosynthesis converts light energy into __________ energy.
Match the components necessary for photosynthesis with their roles:
Match the components necessary for photosynthesis with their roles:
Which part of the plant is primarily involved in photosynthesis?
Which part of the plant is primarily involved in photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis occurs without the presence of light.
Photosynthesis occurs without the presence of light.
What key experiment demonstrates that starch is produced in the green parts of a leaf?
What key experiment demonstrates that starch is produced in the green parts of a leaf?
How many types of pigments are involved in photosynthesis?
How many types of pigments are involved in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll a is the only pigment responsible for capturing light energy in photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll a is the only pigment responsible for capturing light energy in photosynthesis.
What color does Chlorophyll b appear in chromatograms?
What color does Chlorophyll b appear in chromatograms?
Chlorophyll a absorbs light mainly in the ______ and ______ regions of the visible spectrum.
Chlorophyll a absorbs light mainly in the ______ and ______ regions of the visible spectrum.
Match the following pigments with their colors:
Match the following pigments with their colors:
What is the primary product of cyclic photophosphorylation?
What is the primary product of cyclic photophosphorylation?
Which pigment is considered the chief pigment associated with photosynthesis?
Which pigment is considered the chief pigment associated with photosynthesis?
Cyclic photophosphorylation only occurs when light of wavelengths below 680 nm is available.
Cyclic photophosphorylation only occurs when light of wavelengths below 680 nm is available.
Photosynthesis occurs at wavelengths where chlorophyll a does not absorb light.
Photosynthesis occurs at wavelengths where chlorophyll a does not absorb light.
What hypothesis explains the mechanism of ATP synthesis in chloroplasts?
What hypothesis explains the mechanism of ATP synthesis in chloroplasts?
What method can be used to separate leaf pigments?
What method can be used to separate leaf pigments?
In photosynthesis, protons accumulate towards the inside of the membrane, specifically in the ______.
In photosynthesis, protons accumulate towards the inside of the membrane, specifically in the ______.
Match the following components with their functions in photosynthesis:
Match the following components with their functions in photosynthesis:
C4 plants exhibit a process called photorespiration.
C4 plants exhibit a process called photorespiration.
Which of the following statements regarding proton accumulation in thylakoids is correct?
Which of the following statements regarding proton accumulation in thylakoids is correct?
Chlorophyll is mainly present in the stroma lamellae of chloroplasts.
Chlorophyll is mainly present in the stroma lamellae of chloroplasts.
The arrangement of cells in C4 plants is referred to as __________ anatomy.
The arrangement of cells in C4 plants is referred to as __________ anatomy.
The excited electron in cyclic photophosphorylation is cycled back to the ______ complex.
The excited electron in cyclic photophosphorylation is cycled back to the ______ complex.
Match the following characteristics with C3 and C4 plants:
Match the following characteristics with C3 and C4 plants:
What is produced by the Calvin pathway?
What is produced by the Calvin pathway?
C4 plants primarily use the C3 pathway for biosynthesis.
C4 plants primarily use the C3 pathway for biosynthesis.
How many NADPH molecules are required to produce one molecule of glucose through the Calvin cycle?
How many NADPH molecules are required to produce one molecule of glucose through the Calvin cycle?
The enzyme RuBisCO catalyzes both carboxylation and oxygenation reactions.
The enzyme RuBisCO catalyzes both carboxylation and oxygenation reactions.
How many molecules of ATP and NADPH are utilized per CO2 molecule fixed in the Calvin cycle?
How many molecules of ATP and NADPH are utilized per CO2 molecule fixed in the Calvin cycle?
To regenerate RuBP, the Calvin cycle requires one molecule of ________ for phosphorylation.
To regenerate RuBP, the Calvin cycle requires one molecule of ________ for phosphorylation.
Match the stages of the Calvin cycle with their key processes:
Match the stages of the Calvin cycle with their key processes:
What is the main product formed after six turns of the Calvin cycle?
What is the main product formed after six turns of the Calvin cycle?
The Calvin cycle can continue indefinitely without the regeneration of RuBP.
The Calvin cycle can continue indefinitely without the regeneration of RuBP.
What is the primary effect of higher CO2 concentrations on C3 plants?
What is the primary effect of higher CO2 concentrations on C3 plants?
What are the two primary energy molecules produced during the light-dependent reactions that are used in the Calvin cycle?
What are the two primary energy molecules produced during the light-dependent reactions that are used in the Calvin cycle?
What role does water play in the process of photosynthesis?
What role does water play in the process of photosynthesis?
The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the ________.
The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the ________.
Match the following plant types with their characteristics regarding temperature optimum:
Match the following plant types with their characteristics regarding temperature optimum:
Which component absorbs light energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
Which component absorbs light energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
The atmospheric CO2 provided during greenhouse cultivation has no effect on the yields of crops such as tomatoes.
The atmospheric CO2 provided during greenhouse cultivation has no effect on the yields of crops such as tomatoes.
What main product is formed during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
What main product is formed during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
What element did Melvin Calvin use to label carbon dioxide in his experiments?
What element did Melvin Calvin use to label carbon dioxide in his experiments?
Photosynthesis allows plants to synthesize food by utilizing energy from water only.
Photosynthesis allows plants to synthesize food by utilizing energy from water only.
What is the primary process through which green plants synthesize their food?
What is the primary process through which green plants synthesize their food?
Melvin Calvin won the Nobel Prize in ____ for his work on photosynthesis.
Melvin Calvin won the Nobel Prize in ____ for his work on photosynthesis.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Which of the following statements best describes the significance of light in photosynthesis?
Which of the following statements best describes the significance of light in photosynthesis?
Name the two raw materials that plants primarily need for photosynthesis.
Name the two raw materials that plants primarily need for photosynthesis.
All animals, including humans, are autotrophs.
All animals, including humans, are autotrophs.
What is the primary limiting factor for photosynthesis in most environments?
What is the primary limiting factor for photosynthesis in most environments?
Light saturation occurs at 10 percent of full sunlight.
Light saturation occurs at 10 percent of full sunlight.
What effect does increasing light intensity have on photosynthesis beyond a certain point?
What effect does increasing light intensity have on photosynthesis beyond a certain point?
C3 plants show saturation in photosynthesis at approximately ________ µlL-1 of carbon dioxide concentration.
C3 plants show saturation in photosynthesis at approximately ________ µlL-1 of carbon dioxide concentration.
Match the type of plant with their response to carbon dioxide concentrations:
Match the type of plant with their response to carbon dioxide concentrations:
What happens to the rate of photosynthesis when temperature is very low, even if other conditions are optimal?
What happens to the rate of photosynthesis when temperature is very low, even if other conditions are optimal?
C4 plants respond similarly to CO2 levels as C3 plants at low light conditions.
C4 plants respond similarly to CO2 levels as C3 plants at low light conditions.
At what concentration of carbon dioxide do C4 plants show saturation?
At what concentration of carbon dioxide do C4 plants show saturation?
The primary function of chlorophyll a is to protect other pigments from photo-oxidation.
The primary function of chlorophyll a is to protect other pigments from photo-oxidation.
What are the high-energy chemical intermediates produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
What are the high-energy chemical intermediates produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
The splitting of water during light reactions releases __________.
The splitting of water during light reactions releases __________.
Match the following components of the light reactions with their functions:
Match the following components of the light reactions with their functions:
During which part of photosynthesis does water splitting occur?
During which part of photosynthesis does water splitting occur?
What are the two types of light harvesting complexes in photosynthesis?
What are the two types of light harvesting complexes in photosynthesis?
Most photosynthesis occurs in the green region of the light spectrum.
Most photosynthesis occurs in the green region of the light spectrum.
Which of the following pigments is NOT involved in photosynthesis?
Which of the following pigments is NOT involved in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll a is the only pigment responsible for photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll a is the only pigment responsible for photosynthesis.
Name the two primary colors of light that chlorophyll a absorbs most effectively.
Name the two primary colors of light that chlorophyll a absorbs most effectively.
The structure within a chloroplast where the light-dependent reactions occur is called the ______.
The structure within a chloroplast where the light-dependent reactions occur is called the ______.
Match the following pigments with their characteristic colors:
Match the following pigments with their characteristic colors:
What is the role of pigments in plants?
What is the role of pigments in plants?
Chlorophyll b and carotenoids have the same absorption spectra as chlorophyll a.
Chlorophyll b and carotenoids have the same absorption spectra as chlorophyll a.
The region of a chloroplast that contains ribosomes and is involved in the synthesis of proteins is known as the ______.
The region of a chloroplast that contains ribosomes and is involved in the synthesis of proteins is known as the ______.
What is the primary function of ATP synthase in the process of chemiosmosis?
What is the primary function of ATP synthase in the process of chemiosmosis?
The biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis directly depends on sunlight.
The biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis directly depends on sunlight.
What is the first product formed during CO2 fixation as discovered by Melvin Calvin?
What is the first product formed during CO2 fixation as discovered by Melvin Calvin?
ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions are used in the __________ phase of photosynthesis.
ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions are used in the __________ phase of photosynthesis.
Match the product of the light reactions with its role:
Match the product of the light reactions with its role:
Which of the following components is critical for creating a proton gradient in chemiosmosis?
Which of the following components is critical for creating a proton gradient in chemiosmosis?
The Calvin cycle cannot occur in the absence of light.
The Calvin cycle cannot occur in the absence of light.
How many carbon atoms are present in 3-phosphoglyceric acid?
How many carbon atoms are present in 3-phosphoglyceric acid?
What is the role of PEP carboxylase in C4 plants?
What is the role of PEP carboxylase in C4 plants?
C4 plants perform the Calvin pathway exclusively in the mesophyll cells.
C4 plants perform the Calvin pathway exclusively in the mesophyll cells.
What are the 4-carbon compounds formed in mesophyll cells of C4 plants?
What are the 4-carbon compounds formed in mesophyll cells of C4 plants?
The enzyme ________ is responsible for the fixation of CO2 in C3 plants.
The enzyme ________ is responsible for the fixation of CO2 in C3 plants.
Match the following enzymes with their respective roles.
Match the following enzymes with their respective roles.
Which of the following statements about photorespiration is accurate?
Which of the following statements about photorespiration is accurate?
C4 plants have a higher competitive advantage for CO2 fixation compared to C3 plants under low light conditions.
C4 plants have a higher competitive advantage for CO2 fixation compared to C3 plants under low light conditions.
In the Calvin cycle, the first product formed from RuBP and CO2 is ________.
In the Calvin cycle, the first product formed from RuBP and CO2 is ________.
What is the primary difference in CO2 fixation between C3 and C4 plants?
What is the primary difference in CO2 fixation between C3 and C4 plants?
C4 plants do not experience photorespiration.
C4 plants do not experience photorespiration.
What is released during the photorespiratory pathway?
What is released during the photorespiratory pathway?
In C4 plants, the primary CO2 acceptor is _____.
In C4 plants, the primary CO2 acceptor is _____.
C3 plants function better in high-temperature environments compared to C4 plants.
C3 plants function better in high-temperature environments compared to C4 plants.
What is the unknown biological function of photorespiration?
What is the unknown biological function of photorespiration?
What is the primary role of photosystem II in the process of photosynthesis?
What is the primary role of photosystem II in the process of photosynthesis?
The Z scheme describes the transfer of electrons from photosystem I to the electron transport chain.
The Z scheme describes the transfer of electrons from photosystem I to the electron transport chain.
What are the end products formed from the splitting of water in photosystem II?
What are the end products formed from the splitting of water in photosystem II?
The process of synthesizing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate in the presence of light is called _______ phosphorylation.
The process of synthesizing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate in the presence of light is called _______ phosphorylation.
Match the following components with their associated processes:
Match the following components with their associated processes:
In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, which photosystem is involved first?
In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, which photosystem is involved first?
Oxygen released as a byproduct of photosynthesis comes from water molecules.
Oxygen released as a byproduct of photosynthesis comes from water molecules.
Name the primary energy carrier synthesized through phosphorylation processes in cells.
Name the primary energy carrier synthesized through phosphorylation processes in cells.
What is the primary benefit of growing C3 plants in a CO2 enriched atmosphere?
What is the primary benefit of growing C3 plants in a CO2 enriched atmosphere?
What effect does water stress have on a plant's stomata?
What effect does water stress have on a plant's stomata?
The light reaction of photosynthesis occurs in the __________ of chloroplasts.
The light reaction of photosynthesis occurs in the __________ of chloroplasts.
Match the photosynthesis processes to their sites of occurrence.
Match the photosynthesis processes to their sites of occurrence.
What is the primary product of the light reaction in photosynthesis?
What is the primary product of the light reaction in photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis occurs only in the green parts of the plants, primarily the flowers.
Photosynthesis occurs only in the green parts of the plants, primarily the flowers.
Identify one of the two photosystems involved in the light reactions.
Identify one of the two photosystems involved in the light reactions.
The reaction centre of Photosystem II is called P680.
The reaction centre of Photosystem II is called P680.
What is the role of pigment molecules in the light harvesting complex?
What is the role of pigment molecules in the light harvesting complex?
The electrons from Photosystem II are transferred to an electron ________ that forms part of the electron transport system.
The electrons from Photosystem II are transferred to an electron ________ that forms part of the electron transport system.
Match the photosystems with their absorption peak:
Match the photosystems with their absorption peak:
What happens to electrons in Photosystem I after they are excited?
What happens to electrons in Photosystem I after they are excited?
Both photosystems participate in cyclic photophosphorylation.
Both photosystems participate in cyclic photophosphorylation.
Which molecule is produced as a result of the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?
Which molecule is produced as a result of the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?
What substance in plants is primarily responsible for glucose production during photosynthesis?
What substance in plants is primarily responsible for glucose production during photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis in green plants relies on hydrogen from carbon dioxide.
Photosynthesis in green plants relies on hydrogen from carbon dioxide.
What is the empirical equation representing the process of photosynthesis in oxygen-evolving organisms?
What is the empirical equation representing the process of photosynthesis in oxygen-evolving organisms?
The visible light spectrum that demonstrates the effective wavelengths for photosynthesis includes __________ light.
The visible light spectrum that demonstrates the effective wavelengths for photosynthesis includes __________ light.
Match the contributions to photosynthesis with the corresponding scientist:
Match the contributions to photosynthesis with the corresponding scientist:
Which hydrogen donor is used by purple and green sulfur bacteria during photosynthesis?
Which hydrogen donor is used by purple and green sulfur bacteria during photosynthesis?
The process of photosynthesis involves the reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.
The process of photosynthesis involves the reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.
What component is oxidized to oxygen during photosynthesis in green plants?
What component is oxidized to oxygen during photosynthesis in green plants?
What is the first product of CO2 fixation in C4 plants?
What is the first product of CO2 fixation in C4 plants?
RuBisCO only functions as a carboxylase in C3 plants.
RuBisCO only functions as a carboxylase in C3 plants.
What molecule is converted to produce 2 molecules of 3-carbon PGA in the carbon fixation cycle?
What molecule is converted to produce 2 molecules of 3-carbon PGA in the carbon fixation cycle?
The process by which C3 plants convert oxygen instead of carbon dioxide is called ________.
The process by which C3 plants convert oxygen instead of carbon dioxide is called ________.
Match the following types of plants with their characteristic photosynthesis pathways:
Match the following types of plants with their characteristic photosynthesis pathways:
Which statement is true regarding chlorophyll b's role in photosynthesis?
Which statement is true regarding chlorophyll b's role in photosynthesis?
The light reaction of photosynthesis produces ATP and NADPH, which are utilized in the Calvin cycle.
The light reaction of photosynthesis produces ATP and NADPH, which are utilized in the Calvin cycle.
What is the primary function of RuBisCO during the process of carbon fixation?
What is the primary function of RuBisCO during the process of carbon fixation?
What is the primary outcome of the photorespiratory pathway?
What is the primary outcome of the photorespiratory pathway?
C4 plants do not exhibit photorespiration.
C4 plants do not exhibit photorespiration.
What is the main function of RuBisCO in C4 plants?
What is the main function of RuBisCO in C4 plants?
C4 acids are broken down in the __________ cells to release CO2.
C4 acids are broken down in the __________ cells to release CO2.
Match the characteristics with C3 and C4 plants:
Match the characteristics with C3 and C4 plants:
Which of the following statements is true regarding ATP synthesis in the photorespiratory pathway?
Which of the following statements is true regarding ATP synthesis in the photorespiratory pathway?
The biological function of photorespiration is well understood.
The biological function of photorespiration is well understood.
What contributes to the better productivity in C4 plants?
What contributes to the better productivity in C4 plants?
What process do green plants use to make food?
What process do green plants use to make food?
All living forms on Earth depend on sunlight for energy.
All living forms on Earth depend on sunlight for energy.
Who won the Nobel Prize in 1961 for mapping the pathway of carbon assimilation in photosynthesis?
Who won the Nobel Prize in 1961 for mapping the pathway of carbon assimilation in photosynthesis?
Green plants are called ________ because they can synthesize their own food.
Green plants are called ________ because they can synthesize their own food.
Match the following substances involved in photosynthesis with their role:
Match the following substances involved in photosynthesis with their role:
What did Melvin Calvin and J.A. Bassham use to study reactions in green plants?
What did Melvin Calvin and J.A. Bassham use to study reactions in green plants?
Plants are heterotrophs because they depend on others for food.
Plants are heterotrophs because they depend on others for food.
What is the main energy transformation that occurs during photosynthesis?
What is the main energy transformation that occurs during photosynthesis?
What did Joseph Priestley conclude about plants during his experiments?
What did Joseph Priestley conclude about plants during his experiments?
Jan Ingenhousz demonstrated that plants can produce oxygen in both sunlight and darkness.
Jan Ingenhousz demonstrated that plants can produce oxygen in both sunlight and darkness.
What type of plant did Ingenhousz use in his experiment to show the production of oxygen?
What type of plant did Ingenhousz use in his experiment to show the production of oxygen?
In Priestley's experiment, the ________ was used to demonstrate the role of air in supporting life.
In Priestley's experiment, the ________ was used to demonstrate the role of air in supporting life.
Match the following scientists with their contributions:
Match the following scientists with their contributions:
What was one of the key observations made by Priestley during his experiments?
What was one of the key observations made by Priestley during his experiments?
Ingenhousz's experiments confirmed that sunlight is not necessary for photosynthesis.
Ingenhousz's experiments confirmed that sunlight is not necessary for photosynthesis.
Priestley discovered ________ in 1774, leading to his findings on plant respiration.
Priestley discovered ________ in 1774, leading to his findings on plant respiration.
What does the equation of photosynthesis ultimately produce?
What does the equation of photosynthesis ultimately produce?
In photosynthesis, what are the two types of reactions involved?
In photosynthesis, what are the two types of reactions involved?
In the chloroplasts, ATP and NADPH are produced during the ______ reactions.
In the chloroplasts, ATP and NADPH are produced during the ______ reactions.
Match the following components of the chloroplast with their function:
Match the following components of the chloroplast with their function:
What is the expected CO2 fixation rate under high light conditions?
What is the expected CO2 fixation rate under high light conditions?
Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle occur?
Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle occur?
The O2 released during photosynthesis comes from carbon dioxide.
The O2 released during photosynthesis comes from carbon dioxide.
Photorespiration is negligible at high light intensities.
Photorespiration is negligible at high light intensities.
What alignment do chloroplasts take for optimal light absorption?
What alignment do chloroplasts take for optimal light absorption?
What temperature range is considered optimal for photosynthesis?
What temperature range is considered optimal for photosynthesis?
Photorespiration becomes ______ at low CO2 concentrations.
Photorespiration becomes ______ at low CO2 concentrations.
Match each condition with its effect on photorespiration:
Match each condition with its effect on photorespiration:
Which internal plant factors influence the rate of photosynthesis?
Which internal plant factors influence the rate of photosynthesis?
Blackman’s Law of Limiting Factors states that multiple factors can limit a process simultaneously.
Blackman’s Law of Limiting Factors states that multiple factors can limit a process simultaneously.
Plants generally perform better photosynthesis above _______ °C.
Plants generally perform better photosynthesis above _______ °C.
What is the first product formed during the fixation of CO2 as discovered by Melvin Calvin?
What is the first product formed during the fixation of CO2 as discovered by Melvin Calvin?
The biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis can occur in the absence of light.
The biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis can occur in the absence of light.
How many carbon atoms are in 3-phosphoglyceric acid?
How many carbon atoms are in 3-phosphoglyceric acid?
Chemiosmosis requires a membrane, a _____ pump, a proton gradient, and ATP synthase.
Chemiosmosis requires a membrane, a _____ pump, a proton gradient, and ATP synthase.
Which of the following components is essential for synthesizing ATP in the photosynthetic process?
Which of the following components is essential for synthesizing ATP in the photosynthetic process?
Match the following processes with their descriptions:
Match the following processes with their descriptions:
Oxygen produced during the light reactions diffuses out of the chloroplast.
Oxygen produced during the light reactions diffuses out of the chloroplast.
The biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis uses ATP and _____ to drive the synthesis of food.
The biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis uses ATP and _____ to drive the synthesis of food.
Flashcards
Cyclic photophosphorylation
Cyclic photophosphorylation
A type of photosynthesis where electrons are cycled back to photosystem I, producing ATP but not NADPH.
Photosystem I (PS I)
Photosystem I (PS I)
A protein complex in the thylakoid membrane that absorbs light energy and transfers electrons in photosynthesis.
Electron transport chain (ETC)
Electron transport chain (ETC)
A series of protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane that transfer electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I, creating a proton gradient.
Chemiosmotic hypothesis
Chemiosmotic hypothesis
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Thylakoid membrane
Thylakoid membrane
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NADPH
NADPH
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Proton gradient
Proton gradient
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ATP synthesis
ATP synthesis
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Priestley's Experiment
Priestley's Experiment
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Oxygen's Role
Oxygen's Role
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Ingenhousz's experiment
Ingenhousz's experiment
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Sunlight's Importance
Sunlight's Importance
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
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Oxygen Production
Oxygen Production
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Bell Jar Experiment
Bell Jar Experiment
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Early Photosynthesis Experiments
Early Photosynthesis Experiments
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CO2 fixation rate under high light
CO2 fixation rate under high light
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Photorespiration at low light
Photorespiration at low light
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Photorespiration at high light
Photorespiration at high light
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Photorespiration at low CO2
Photorespiration at low CO2
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Photorespiration at high CO2
Photorespiration at high CO2
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Optimal temperature for photosynthesis
Optimal temperature for photosynthesis
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Kranz anatomy
Kranz anatomy
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How to identify C4 plants
How to identify C4 plants
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Who proved that oxygen comes from water?
Who proved that oxygen comes from water?
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What is photosynthesis?
What is photosynthesis?
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What is the empirical equation for photosynthesis?
What is the empirical equation for photosynthesis?
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Who discovered the importance of chlorophyll?
Who discovered the importance of chlorophyll?
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What is the role of chlorophyll?
What is the role of chlorophyll?
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What is the action spectrum of photosynthesis?
What is the action spectrum of photosynthesis?
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What is the role of bacteria in Engelmann's experiment?
What is the role of bacteria in Engelmann's experiment?
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What is the importance of T.W. Engelmann's experiment?
What is the importance of T.W. Engelmann's experiment?
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PEP carboxylase
PEP carboxylase
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C4 acid
C4 acid
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Bundle sheath cells
Bundle sheath cells
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RuBisCO
RuBisCO
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Photorespiration
Photorespiration
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What makes RuBisCO unique?
What makes RuBisCO unique?
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How does CO2 concentration impact RuBisCO?
How does CO2 concentration impact RuBisCO?
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How does photorespiration differ in C3 and C4 plants?
How does photorespiration differ in C3 and C4 plants?
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C4 pathway
C4 pathway
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C3 plants
C3 plants
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Calvin cycle
Calvin cycle
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Mesophyll cells
Mesophyll cells
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Light-dependent reactions
Light-dependent reactions
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Autotroph
Autotroph
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Heterotroph
Heterotroph
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Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll
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Photosynthesis: The Basics
Photosynthesis: The Basics
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Why is Photosynthesis Important?
Why is Photosynthesis Important?
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Photosynthesis Requires...
Photosynthesis Requires...
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Experiment: Starch Test
Experiment: Starch Test
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Experiment: CO2 & Starch
Experiment: CO2 & Starch
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Oxygen: A Byproduct
Oxygen: A Byproduct
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Photosynthesis: Two Stages
Photosynthesis: Two Stages
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Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis Headquarters
Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis Headquarters
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Photosynthesis Equation
Photosynthesis Equation
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Where does photosynthesis occur?
Where does photosynthesis occur?
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Chloroplast Alignment
Chloroplast Alignment
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Light Reactions
Light Reactions
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Dark Reactions
Dark Reactions
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Oxygen Source
Oxygen Source
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What is the role of the membrane system in chloroplasts?
What is the role of the membrane system in chloroplasts?
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What is the role of the stroma in chloroplasts?
What is the role of the stroma in chloroplasts?
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What drives the movement of electrons in the ETC?
What drives the movement of electrons in the ETC?
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NADP+ to NADPH
NADP+ to NADPH
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Light-Dependent Reactions: Summary
Light-Dependent Reactions: Summary
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Why are C4 plants more efficient in hot environments?
Why are C4 plants more efficient in hot environments?
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What is the difference between light-dependent and light-independent reactions?
What is the difference between light-dependent and light-independent reactions?
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What is the importance of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
What is the importance of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
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Limiting Factor
Limiting Factor
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Light Intensity and Photosynthesis
Light Intensity and Photosynthesis
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Light Saturation Point
Light Saturation Point
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CO2 Limitation
CO2 Limitation
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C3 vs C4 Plants & CO2
C3 vs C4 Plants & CO2
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Optimal Temperature
Optimal Temperature
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Chloroplast Structure
Chloroplast Structure
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Stroma
Stroma
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Four Leaf Pigments
Four Leaf Pigments
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Action Spectrum of Photosynthesis
Action Spectrum of Photosynthesis
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Oxygen Source in Photosynthesis
Oxygen Source in Photosynthesis
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RuBisCO Function in C4 Plants
RuBisCO Function in C4 Plants
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C3 vs. C4: CO2 Acceptor
C3 vs. C4: CO2 Acceptor
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C3 vs. C4: Initial Carboxylation
C3 vs. C4: Initial Carboxylation
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First Product of CO2 Fixation
First Product of CO2 Fixation
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RuBP
RuBP
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Carboxylation
Carboxylation
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3-PGA
3-PGA
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What is the role of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin cycle?
What is the role of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin cycle?
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Regeneration in the Calvin cycle
Regeneration in the Calvin cycle
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Why are 6 turns of the Calvin cycle needed to produce one glucose molecule?
Why are 6 turns of the Calvin cycle needed to produce one glucose molecule?
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How does the Calvin cycle rely on the light-dependent reactions?
How does the Calvin cycle rely on the light-dependent reactions?
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What is the difference between C3 and C4 plants?
What is the difference between C3 and C4 plants?
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PEP Carboxylase (PEPcase)
PEP Carboxylase (PEPcase)
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RuBisCO's Dual Nature
RuBisCO's Dual Nature
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Why does Photorespiration decrease at high CO2 levels?
Why does Photorespiration decrease at high CO2 levels?
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What is the advantage of C4 plants over C3 plants in hot environments?
What is the advantage of C4 plants over C3 plants in hot environments?
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Stroma lamellae
Stroma lamellae
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Proton gradient in chloroplasts
Proton gradient in chloroplasts
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Where is ATP produced?
Where is ATP produced?
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How does PS II differ from PS I?
How does PS II differ from PS I?
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What drives electron flow in photosynthesis?
What drives electron flow in photosynthesis?
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Proton Gradient Across Thylakoid Membrane
Proton Gradient Across Thylakoid Membrane
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Proton Movement During Electron Transport
Proton Movement During Electron Transport
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NADP+ Reductase
NADP+ Reductase
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pH Gradient
pH Gradient
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Proton Gradient and ATP Synthesis
Proton Gradient and ATP Synthesis
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ATP Synthase Structure
ATP Synthase Structure
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Role of ATP in Photosynthesis
Role of ATP in Photosynthesis
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Role of Sunlight in Proton Gradient
Role of Sunlight in Proton Gradient
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Action Spectrum
Action Spectrum
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Chlorophyll a & b
Chlorophyll a & b
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Accessory Pigments
Accessory Pigments
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Photo-oxidation
Photo-oxidation
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ATP & NADPH
ATP & NADPH
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Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis
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Biosynthetic Phase of Photosynthesis
Biosynthetic Phase of Photosynthesis
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What are the advantages of C4 plants?
What are the advantages of C4 plants?
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Z scheme
Z scheme
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Water splitting
Water splitting
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Non-cyclic photo-phosphorylation
Non-cyclic photo-phosphorylation
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Photo-phosphorylation
Photo-phosphorylation
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Redox potential
Redox potential
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Thylakoid lumen
Thylakoid lumen
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Proton Movement
Proton Movement
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Electron Transport Chain
Electron Transport Chain
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C4 vs C3 Plants
C4 vs C3 Plants
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C3 Plants and CO2
C3 Plants and CO2
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Temperature & Photosynthesis
Temperature & Photosynthesis
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Water Stress Effects
Water Stress Effects
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Light Reaction Site
Light Reaction Site
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Stroma & Carbon Fixation
Stroma & Carbon Fixation
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Photosystems: PS I & PS II
Photosystems: PS I & PS II
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Electron Flow & NADPH
Electron Flow & NADPH
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CO2 Fixation
CO2 Fixation
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Light of Wavelengths Beyond 680 nm
Light of Wavelengths Beyond 680 nm
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PS I Functional Only
PS I Functional Only
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Location of Cyclic Photophosphorylation
Location of Cyclic Photophosphorylation
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What are carotenoids and xanthophylls?
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Why do leaves change color in autumn?
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What is the action spectrum?
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What is cyclic photophosphorylation?
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What is the role of the stroma lamellae?
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What drives ATP synthesis in chloroplasts?
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Calvin Cycle Stages
Calvin Cycle Stages
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Carboxylation in Calvin Cycle
Carboxylation in Calvin Cycle
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Reduction in Calvin Cycle
Reduction in Calvin Cycle
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Regeneration in Calvin Cycle
Regeneration in Calvin Cycle
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RuBisCO: The Key Enzyme
RuBisCO: The Key Enzyme
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ATP and NADPH in Calvin Cycle
ATP and NADPH in Calvin Cycle
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Glucose Production in Calvin Cycle
Glucose Production in Calvin Cycle
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Calvin Cycle Dependence on Light Reactions
Calvin Cycle Dependence on Light Reactions
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Water Stress and Photosynthesis
Water Stress and Photosynthesis
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Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
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Photosystems I and II (PS I & PS II)
Photosystems I and II (PS I & PS II)
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Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
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ATP and NADPH use
ATP and NADPH use
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First CO2 Fixation Product
First CO2 Fixation Product
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Why 'Dark Reaction' Misnomer?
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14C Experiments
14C Experiments
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Energy for ATP Synthase
Energy for ATP Synthase
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CO2 fixation rate
CO2 fixation rate
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Why is RuBisCO unique?
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Light Harvesting Complex
Light Harvesting Complex
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Reaction Center
Reaction Center
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Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis Site
Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis Site
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C4 Plants vs. C3 Plants
C4 Plants vs. C3 Plants
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What is the importance of Engelmann's experiment?
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Temperature optimum for photosynthesis
Temperature optimum for photosynthesis
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Identifying C4 plants
Identifying C4 plants
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Where Photosynthesis Occurs
Where Photosynthesis Occurs
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What is the first stable product formed when CO2 is fixed in photosynthesis?
What is the first stable product formed when CO2 is fixed in photosynthesis?
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How is the Calvin cycle dependent on light reactions?
How is the Calvin cycle dependent on light reactions?
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What is the role of RuBisCO in photosynthesis?
What is the role of RuBisCO in photosynthesis?
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Why is the Calvin cycle also called the dark reaction?
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What is the purpose of photorespiration?
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Study Notes
Melvin Calvin
- Born in Minnesota in 1911
- Received a Ph.D. in Chemistry from the University of Minnesota
- Served as Professor of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley
- After World War II, used radioactivity to study plant reactions (specifically, the reactions in green plants that create sugar and other substances from raw materials)
- Studied carbon dioxide reactions using C¹⁴-labeled carbon dioxide, water, and minerals in plants
- Proposed that plants convert light energy to chemical energy by transferring electrons in organized pigment molecules and other substances
- Mapped the pathway of carbon assimilation in photosynthesis
- Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1961 for his work in photosynthesis
- Research focuses on renewable resources for energy and materials, and basic solar energy research
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
- All animals depend on plants for food
- Green plants synthesize their own food through photosynthesis
- Autotrophs (plants) produce food
- Heterotrophs (animals) depend on plants for food
- Plants use light energy to synthesize organic compounds
- This process is crucial for life on Earth because it provides food and releases oxygen
- Chlorophyll (a green pigment) is necessary for photosynthesis
- Experiment: experiments show that chlorophyll, light, and CO2 are essential for photosynthesis to occur
- Photosynthesis occurs only in the green parts of the leaves in the presence of light, experiments show that CO2 is needed for photosynthesis
Early Experiments
- Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) discovered oxygen in 1774
- Experiments with burning candles, mice, and plants in closed spaces demonstrated the role of air in plant growth
- Plants restore to the air what is removed through respiration from animals or through the combustion of candles
- Jan Ingenhousz (1730-1799) showed that sunlight was essential to the process of purifying air that animals or candles foul
- Observing aquatic plants and their reaction to sunlight, Ingenhousz found that oxygen is released only in sunlight (and only from the green part of plants)
Other Experiments
- Julius von Sachs (1854) demonstrated the production of glucose during plant growth- glucose is stored as starch
- Chlorophyll is found in chloroplasts within plant cells
- T.W Engelmann (1843–1909) identified the blue and red light regions of the spectrum from splitting light into spectral colors
- identified bacteria accumulating in those areas; determined that absorption and action spectrum of chlorophyll a and b were similar
Methods of Photosynthesis
- The overall process of photosynthesis for oxygen-evolving organisms (using empirical equation) is CO₂ + H₂O → [CH₂O]+O₂ ([CH₂O] is a carbohydrate)
- Plants convert light energy into chemical energy with processes that are dependent on the pigments present in a membrane
- This pathway is called photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis is divided into two processes; a light-dependent reaction (photochemical reactions) and a light-independent reaction (dark reactions or carbon reactions)
- The process of photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts
- There are several distinct photosystems (PS I and PS II) in the chloroplasts and they are connected by an electron transport system
- Both ATP and NADP + H⁺ are produced during the light reactions, these products are utilized in biosynthetic reactions (that occurs within the stroma of chloroplasts) for carbohydrate synthesis—the dark reactions
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
- Internal factors (number, size, age, and orientation of leaves, mesophyll cells, chloroplasts, internal CO₂ concentration, and amount of chlorophyll) and external factors (sunlight, CO₂ concentration, temperature, and water) affect photosynthesis
- Limiting factors:
- Blackman’s Law of Limiting Factors: if a chemical process is affected by multiple factors, the rate is dependent on the factor closest to its minimum value—meaning it can be changed, while the values of other factors remain unchanged. (Ex. low temperature, while other conditions are ideal, would limit the rate of photosynthesis)
The Calvin Cycle
-
The Calvin cycle is a crucial part of photosynthesis in all plants
-
Contains three primary stages
- Carboxylation: atmospheric CO₂ combines with RuBP (a 5-carbon acceptor molecule), forming two molecules of PGA (a 3-carbon molecule), with the help of the enzyme RuBisCo—a most abundant enzyme found commonly in plants
- Reduction: The 3-PGA molecules are changed to triose sugars
- Regeneration: RuBP is reformed from the 3-carbon molecules
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The C₃ pathway: the original Calvin (and Benson-Calvin) pathway, where the first product of CO₂ fixation is a 3-carbon acid
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The C₄ pathway: a pathway in which the first product of CO₂ fixation is a 4-carbon acid—the Calvin-cycle occurs in the bundle sheath cells of these plants
Photorespiration
- In C₃ plants, when CO₂ levels are low and O₂ levels are high, RuBisCO can add O₂ to RuBP, causing photorespiration—a competing process
- Produces no usable energy (ATP and NADPH)
- C₄ plants have a mechanism to concentrate CO₂ at the site of RuBisCo, minimizing photorespiration—this is a useful adaptation for these plants in high-temperature and low-CO₂ environments.
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Description
Explore the groundbreaking work of Melvin Calvin, a pioneer in the study of photosynthesis. Dive into his research on how plants convert light energy into chemical energy, mapping the pathway of carbon assimilation. Discover the significance of his findings and their impact on renewable energy resources.
